AP HumanGeo Grand Review

truck farming

grows vegetables, fruits sold to large processors for eventual human consumption

GMOs

debate over labeling, use, and even ethics of human food using this is a major challenge/issue in the United States

Organic farming

type of agricultural/food production driven by concerns over more common methods of agriculture, made possible by affluent customers

draining wetlands

a process of land alteration that results in a loss of biodiversity

desertification

deforestation in arid regions can lead to this environmental consequence

Von Thünen

model that emphasizes spatial distribution of land use based on the value of the crop versus cost to bring crop to market

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

domestication

"taming" of animals and plants for human use

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of plants, animals and diseases between hemispheres during the 15th through 17th centuries.

terraces

form of landscape alteration used in mountainous or hilly regions

irrigation

oldest type of land alteration; useful for agricultural production in arid regions

deforestation

form of land alteration to clear land for agricultural use; used in rainforests and temperate climatic regions

Second Agricultural Revolution

occurred at the same time (& as a catalyst to) the Industrial Revolution

pesticides

chemical substance designed to kill insects that harm plants

herbicides

chemical substance designed to kill weeds and other harmful plants

Mediterranean zone

bioclimatic zone that supports the production of olives, grapes and citrus fruits

shifting agriculture or cultivation

another name for slash-and-burn agriculture

pastoral nomadism

another form of agricultural production that involves the herding of animals, such as sheep and goats

subsistence agriculture

growing enough crops to feed the family, but not for commercial sale

agribusiness

a form of commercial agriculture that links production and processing industries

specialty farming

focus production of a specific crop for commercial use

aquaculture

the growing of fish in a controlled environment

Early agricultural hearths

Mesoamerica, Southwest Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia

desertification

the process in which a land deteriorates into a desert-like condition

plantation

a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

agriculture

the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

Agriculture Hearths

There are six primary hearths of Agriculture, or places where scientists agree most plantings of crops originated. Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. There are also two secondary Agricultural hearths, located in south Asia and Southwest Asia.

Agriculture Regions

The regions of subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture that the world can be divided into.
-Subsistence Agriculture
-Commercial Agriculture: Mixed crop and livestock, Dairying, Grain, Ranching, Mediterranean, Commercial gardening

high-yield seeds

seeds that have been engineered to be stronger and more productive. They will produce more crops peer seed, need less water, and can survive in warmer climates

Chemical Farming

increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

mechanized farming

farming that uses machines to increase the per capita food number

fertilizer

a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility

food desert

An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

fair trade

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.

Value-added specialty crops

"value added" goods have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell at higher price.

bioclimatic zones

broad zones of vegetation that correspond to mean annual temperatures at different latitudes and altitudes

commercial farming

the raising of crops and livestock for sale in markets

intensive farming

farming that requires a lot of labor to produce food

mixed crop and livestock farming

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.

Extensive farming

farming practices that involve putting relatively little energy into the land for the calories extracted

Global Supply Chain

a network of a firm's outsourcing suppliers and contractors

Rural Settlement

permanent settlement of people in an area that is well removed from large urban centres

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

absolute location

dictates where a place exists on a reference system; exact and/or specific

cartogram map

a map that displays countries according to some specific characteristic; good for comparing data.

choropleth map

A type of map showing quantity or type of phenomena by area. It uses shades or colors to show class intervals and is often used for maps displaying density.

distance decay

The idea that, all else being equal, as the distance between two places increases, the volume of interaction between these places decreases.

Dot map

The specific location and distribution of something across the territory of the map; each dot represents a specified quantity.

Environmental Determinism

The controversial idea, popular in the early twentieth century and largely discredited today, that climate or other physical qualities of an area dictate the culture of the people who live there.

Field observations/field work

Physically visiting a location, place, or region and recording information seen there

Formal Region

Places composed of one or more characteristics in common

Functional Region

A region formed by places that interact; such as places linked by a commuting pattern or an activity space

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Computer systems that can capture, store, analyze, and output geographic data

Geospatial data

all information that can be tied to a specific place; often gathered by geographers in the field

Geospatial technologies

Satellite imagery, remotely sensed data, GIS, and GPS

Global Position System (GPS)

Receivers on the earth's surface use the location of multiple satellites to determine and record a receiver's exact location

Globalization

The elimination of national boundaries through ever greater integration of people, companies, and governments across the world.

Isoline map

A map that is used to display distributions. It consists of lines that connect points of equal value. Useful for handling continuous data.

Mercator projection

Map projection developed for navigation; it distorts landmasses further away from the equator. Although often criticized, it is still used for navigational purposes.

Perceptual Region (Vernacular)

A region that people construct in their mind, making them difficult to dissect.

Peters projection

Map projection that tries to reflect the the relative surface areas of landmasses, an approach which gives greater prominence (than do standard representations) to equatorial countries

physical map

A map that shows and labels natural features, such as mountains, rivers, and deserts

Place

A basic unit and key concept in geography that indicates where something exists.

Possibilism

The viewpoint that arose as a criticism of environmental determinism, holding that human populations develop their own cultures within constraints set by the environment.

Polar projection (Conic)

a map projection of the sphere in which the point of sight is at the center and the plane of projection passes through one of the polar circles

Political map

a map that shows and labels human-created boundaries and designations, such as countries, states, cities and capitals

Qualitative data

Data that is usually not represented by the numbers; this kind of data comes from interviews, document archives, descriptions, and visual observations

Quantitative data

Data that can be measured and recorded using numbers; examples would be distribution of people by income or age group

Regionalization

the process used by geographers to divide and categorize space into smaller areal units

Reference maps

these maps are designed for people to refer to for general information about places; they include political maps, physical maps, road maps, etc.

Relative location

The location of a place compared to other places.

Remote sensing

The use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites to collect digital images of the earth's surface

Robinson projection

a compromise map projection showing the poles as lines rather than points and more accurately portraying high latitude lands and water to land ratio

Scale

the ratio between the size of things in the real world and the size of those same things on the map

Site

the characteristics at the immediate location, such as soil type, climate, labor force, and human structures.

Situation

essentially how does where this place is relate to its surroundings; why does a location's situation make it unique, or good for a particular activity?

Space time compression

since the Industrial Revolution, improvements in transportation and communication have shortened the time required for movement, trade or other forms of interaction between two places

Thematic Maps

Maps that show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon, including choropleth, dot, graduated symbol, etc.

placelessness

Defined by geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next. No connection

Toponym

place name

Human Geography

One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.

Spatial Distribution

refers to how resources, activities, human demographics or features of the landscape are arranged across the surface of the Earth

Spatial Relationships /Interaction

the movement of people, goods and ideas within and across geographic space

Spatial Thinking/Analysis

finds meaning in the shape, size, orientation, location, direction or trajectory, of objects, processes or phenomena, or the relative positions in space of multiple objects, processes or phenomena.

Cartography

The science of making maps

Landscape Analysis

process of describing and interpreting the landscape ecology of an area/ generally with the goal of assessing the impact of humans on that space.

Human Environment Interaction

The geographic theme that explores how people use, adapt to, and modify the environment

physical site characteristic

Features including climate, topography, soil, water sources, vegetation, and elevation.

built environment / Cultural landscape

the intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure, and public spaces

Patterns and processes

recurring characteristics or events and a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end.

graduated symbol map

A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent.

Mental Map

A representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.

topographic map

A map that shows surface features of an area such as mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus by using contour (isoline) lines to show changes in elevation

Goode Homolosine Projection (Interrupted Projection)

a 20th century map of Earth with equal area of landmasses but interruptions of the oceans to more accurately represent a "flattened" sphere.

geographic model

A model that represents earths features.

region

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.

Sub-regions

Shares some characteristics with the rest of the larger region but is distinctive in some ways

Online mapping and visualization

the compilation and publication of Web sites that provide exhaustive graphical and text information in the form of maps and databases.

Satellite imagery

images from satellites that orbit Earth

census data

Geospatial data collected through the quantification of a population