Gross Anatomy Exam 1
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298 Terms
What plane is being shown?
Median or Mid-Sagittal (two equal left and right halves)
What plane is being shown?
Sagittal (2 unequal halves)
What plane is being shown?
Transverse (perpendicular to the long axis)
What plane is being shown?
Dorsal (upper and lower halves)
Which planes are being shown?
Dorsal and Ventral
Which planes are being shown?
Medial and Lateral
Which planes are being shown?
Cranial and Caudal
Which planes are being shown?
Proximal and Distal
Which planes are being shown?
Dorsal and Palmar/Plantar
What does volar refer to?
Palmar or plantar directional term
Which planes are being shown?
Rostral and Caudal
Which planes are being shown?
Internal/External or Inner/Outer
Which planes are being shown?
Superficial and Deep
Which planes are being shown?
Axial and Abaxial
Which region is being shown?
Forelimb
Which region is being shown?
Hindlimb
Which movement is being shown?
Flexion
Which movement is being shown?
Extension
What is adduction?
Movement towards the midline
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between bones
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between bones
What is circumduction?
A circular motion
What is medial rotation?
Rotation towards the midline
What is lateral rotation?
Rotation away from the midline
Which movement is pictured in 1?
Adduction
Which movement is pictured in 2?
Abduction
Which movement is pictured in 3?
Circumduction
Which movement is pictured in 4?
Medial rotation
Which movement is pictured in 5?
Lateral rotation
Which movement is being pictured?
Supination and Pronation
What is supination?
Lateral rotation
What is pronation?
Medial rotation
What is the physical function of bone?
Serve as levers for muscular action, protect vital organs, provides support
What are the 3 components involved in the lever system?
Fulcrum (joint)
Load (BW)
Effort (muscle)
What is the Level 1 lever system?
Load - Fulcrum - Effort (ex. neck)
What is the Level 2 lever system?
Fulcrum - Load - Effort (ex. feet)
What is the Level 3 lever system?
Fulcrum - Effort - Load (ex. arm/leg)
What are the metabolic functions of bone?
Mineral metabolism, sites of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation), storage of fat
How do we classify bone?
Shape, location, structure, and origin
Which bone type is significantly elongated in one dimension and found only in the limbs?
Long bones
Which bone types’ primary role is to act as a lever?
Long bone
The humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpal and metatarsal bones, and phalanges are all classified as…
Long bones
Which bone type is somewhat equidimensional in all major planes and found only in the limbs?
Short bones
Which bone types’ primary purpose is complex movement?
Short bones
Carpal and tarsal bones are examples of…
Short bones
Which bone type is significantly reduced in one dimension and is also a major site of blood cell synthesis?
Flat bones
Which bone types’ primary role is to synthesize blood/hematopoiesis?
Flat bones
Which bone type is excavated to contain air-filled spaces and are often contain the paranasal sinuses"?
Pneumatic bones
Which bone type is irregular in shape?
Irregular bones
Which bone type is seed shaped and found imbedded within tendons?
Sesamoid bones
Which bone types’ primary purpose is to functionally bear surfaces to protect the tendon from frictioning as it glides over the underlying bone?
Sesamoid bones
The scapula, ribs, and some bones within the skull are…
Flat bones
The paranasal sinuses in mammals are…
Pneumatic bones
The vertebrae, some bones of the skull, and bones of the pelvis are…
Irregular bones
The bones of the limbs are included in the…
Appendicular skeleton
The bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum are included in the…
Axial skeleton
The bones in unusual but normal locations (os penis of the dog and os cordis of the ox) are included in the…
Heterotopic skeleton
What is compact bone?
Dense or cortical bone
What is spongy bone?
Trabecular or cancellous bone
Where is spongy bone found?
In extremities of long bones, forms the internal substance of short and irregular bones, and is interposed between the 2 compact layers of most flat bones
What is cartilaginous (endochondral) bone?
Bone that progressively replaces a previously formed, continuously growing cartilage model (endochondral ossification)
Most bones of the body are characterized as which bone type?
Cartilaginous/Endochondral bone
What is dermal (intermembranous) bone?
Bone that forms directly within a sheet of connective (mesenchyme) tissue (intramembraneous ossification)
Bones of the face and dorsum of the skull are characterized as…
Dermal bone
What is endochondral ossification?
Initial formation of a cartilage model which is subsequently resorbed while serving as a matrix for bone development causing mineralization (centers of ossification)
What are the 2 centers of ossification?
Primary centers of ossification
Secondary centers of ossification
Cartilaginous plates are also known as…
Epiphyseal plates/growth plates
What is responsible for bone growth length-wise?
Cartilaginous/epiphyseal plates
Which ossification type involves a cartilage model?
Endochondral ossification
Which ossification type does not involve a cartilage model, causes bone to form directlywithin sheet of connective tissue, and is responsible for bone growth width-wise?
Intramembranous ossification
What is the diaphysis in the long bone?
Shaft
What is the epiphysis in the long bone?
End
What is physis in relation to long bone?
Plate of growing cartilage is present in immature bone
What is metaphysis in relation to long bone?
The rapidly growing, flare segment of bone located on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate?
What is apophysis in relation to long bone?
Certain large, bony projections which develop from independent (tertiary) centers of ossification
_______ (hyaline) cartilage covers both epiphyses in long bone
Articular
What is periosteum in relation to long bone?
The connective tissue that surrounds the diaphysis
What is the medullary cavity in relation to long bone?
The hollow space within the diaphysis
What is the endosteum in relation to long bone?
A thin membrane lining the medullary cavity
The epiphyseal line, epiphysis, endosteum, metaphysis, medullary cavity, diaphysis, periosteum, and apophysis are components of which bone type?
Long bone
The largest single source of blood supply comes from the…
Nutrient artery
Which artery passes through the nutrient foramen?
Nutrient artery
(T/F) In developing bone, the epiphyseal AA form seperately and do not penetrate the growth plate
True
What is a foramina (foramen)?
A hole
Which structure is usually towards the middle of the diaphysis and may resemble an oblique fracture on radiographs?
Nutrient foramina
Which structure often indicates signs of panosteitis?
Nutrient foramina
All long bones have an _______ called “head” (except for tibia)
Epiphysis
Within bones of the appendicular skeleton, the “head” is usually _______ located (exceptions include the metacarpus and metatarsus)
Proximally
Heads, trochleas, and condyles are all…
Rounded articular surfaces
Tubercles, tuberosities, trochanters, spines, and processes are all…
Osseous projections (and frequently sites of muscle attachment)
Fossas are classified as…
Depressed areas
The intermedioradial carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone, medial carpal bone, carpus, metacarpal, digits, proximal/distal phalynx, and middle phalynx are all structures within the…
Manus
The calcaneal tuber, talus, calcaneus, central tarsal bone, and metatarsals are all structures within the…
Pes
How might a cat appendicular skeleton differ from that of a dog?
Coracoid process, hamate process, suprahamate process, and supracondylar foramen
The body, vertebral arch, vertebral canal, lamina (laminae), and pedicle (pedicles) are structures within the…
Typical vertebra (axial skeleton)
The cranial vertebral notch, body, spine, intervertebral foramen, caudal vertebral notch, caudal articular process, and transverse process are all structures within the…
Typical vertebra (axial skeleton)
The tubercle, head, neck, body, costo-chondrial junction, chondro cartilage, and costal cartilage are structures within the…
Rib (axial skeleton)
How many pairs of ribs do dogs and cats have?
13