CBMT Exam (NEW)

data-based model

An approach based on information retrieved through experimentation or direct observation

reversal design (ABAB design)

A single subject, applied behavior analysis design which generally involves observing behavior during baseline, treatment, a return to baseline, and treatment reapplied.

Psychodynamic treatment model

By Freud; unconscious material is root of problems, focuses on analysis of thought; free association and Rorschach test

Biomedical treatment model

biological factors are the underlying cause of disorders

successive approximations

Behaviors which gradually resemble the target behavior or terminal objective

schedule of reinforcement

The behavioral requirements for a reinforcing stimulus to be delivered. Schedules may be fixed or variable based on interval or ratio criteria

Fading

The gradual removal of all explicit prompts or cues in an attempt to maintain the behavior on its own

Holistic theory

Evaluation of emotional, physical, spiritual, psychological, and social dimensions because all make up the whole person

Behavioral treatment model

By Skinner. All behaviors are learned, so all behaviors can be unlearned or replaced by new behaviors. Task analysis and reinforcement schedule

reinforcement schedule

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

classical conditioning

Pavlovian technique pairing neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus

randomized group design

Experimental design that randomly assigns subjects to treatment or control conditions to compare performance

occipital lobe

Region of the cerebral cortex that processes vision and perception

monoplegia

paralysis of one limb

paraplegia

paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

quadriplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

hallucination

Perception of sensory input, often sounds or tactile sensations, which are not occurring in reality

Frequency recording

Records number of times a target behavior occurs

Duration Recording

Recording technique that measures how long a particular behavior lasts during a given period

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

Individualized plan for children with disabilities who qualify for special education services; functions as blueprint for determining best possible educational program for each child

Primary aging

Systematic, genetically determined decline in efficiency of body's organ systems

accountability

Process by which one is responsible and answerable for obligation to a set of constituenies

parallel play

Characterizes a stage of development in which very young children will play beside each other but not engage in social interaction

discrimination

Ability to tell difference between stimuli

DAP

Sandardized form of note taking. Data, assessment, plan

SOAP

Standardized form of note taking. Subjective, objective, assessment, plan

MMPI

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Assesses personality traits and psychopathology. Primarily used for diagnosis

Countertransference

The therapist projection of own feelings, ideas, and desires about other people and/or things onto the client

Down Syndrome

Congenital abnormality of trisomy 21 gene (extra chromosome) resulting in developmental disability and physical abnormalities

Hyperactivity

Increased and/or excessive muscular activity

positive reinforcement

the presentation of a stimulus resulting in an increase in the behavior it follows

Hyperacusis

Extreme sensitivity to sounds. Associated with a responsiveness to music and an ability to make fine auditory discriminations

validity

the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

presbycusis

Age-related gradual hearing loss

Insight Therapy

An approach to psychotherapy whose objective is awareness of causes or motivation for behavior which, then, leads to control over the behavior and improve of one's condition

Orff-Schulwerk

An approach to music education by Carl Orff which emphasizes creative experience, natural abilities and sounds, the pentatonic scale and ostinati patterns.

Paired-associate

The presentation of one word as a stimulus for the recall of a second word.

Psychiatric musicology

A music therapy approach which uses music as a metaphor for examining relationships.

Psychodynamic Therapy

A system of psychotherapy based on an individual's unconscious motivation and past experience

Rational Emotive Therapy

A system of psychotherapy proposed by Albert Ellis which attempts to confront one's rational belief system as a method of solving problems

Reconstructive Therapy

One type of insight-oriented therapy which examines unconscious and deep-set emotions in order to restructure the personality

Reeducative Therapy

One type of insight-oriented therapy which promotes self growth and adjustment through behavior change

Shaping

A technique for developing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

hierarchy of objectives

A logical sequence of behavioral expectations leading toward the desired outcome of therapy

repeated measures design

An experimental group design in which repeated observation of subjects under different treatment or no treatment conditions allows subjects to act as their own controls

Single subject, applied behavior analysis design

A research design which assess the effect of treatment. It refers to a group of "within-subject" or "intensive" designs which examine the behavior of one person or group over time

Phenomenological

Perceived through subjective reality, as opposed to physically and objectively

transactional analysis

Eric Berne's psychotherapy which proposes the examination of interactions in terms of explicit roles and games as a method of recognizing and understanding behavior patterns

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing, language, and memory

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex which processes sensations, language, perception, body awareness, and attention

Hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

Diplegia

paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body, typically involving the legs

Eclectic treatment model

Integrates the benefits of several approaches

Treatment models of music therapy

-Behavioral

-Cognitive

-Biomedical

-Psychodynamic

-Humanistic

-Eclectic

-humanistic/existential

-holistic

-neuroscience

music therapy approaches

-Orff

-Nordoff Robins

-Vibroacoustic

-Bonny Method of Guided Imagery in Music

-Behavioral approach

-Neurological

-Culture centered

-Community

-Improvisational

-Medical

-Psychoynamic

-Developmental

aphasia

Communication disorder resulting from brain damage. Symptoms include difficulty producing language (retrieval, substitutions, switching sounds, made up words), difficulty understanding language (pragmatic/sarcastic trouble, understanding others, understanding with background noise), and difficulty reading and writing (trouble reading, spelling, forming sentences and number concepts).

Wernicke's Aphasia

Inability to comprehend language due to damage to left temporal lobe

Broca's Aphasia

Inability to speak coherently caused by damage to left frontal lobe

apraxia of speech

Motor planning disorder where the muscles function but signals from the brain are disrupted causing incorrect sound production. In babies, no cooing. In children, difficulty combining sounds, replacing words and sounds with easier ones, inconsistent errors. In adults, slow speech rate, inconsistent errors, difficulty producing speech sounds (substitutions and omissions), better automatic speech (eg greetings)

dyspraxia

disturbance in the sequence of spoken language resulting from decreased ability to plan and position the muscles involved in articulation

dysarthria

Motor speech disorder caused by damage to the brain. Impairment of muscles used for speech production. Symptoms include slurred, choppy, mumbled speech; slow or rapid but mumbled speech; changes in voice quality.

Ataxic dysarthria

Damage to cerebellum, lack of coordination

Spastic dysarthria

Damage to upper motor neurons. Increased muscle tone but less flexibility and lack of coordination

Pressured speech

Symptoms often found among individuals a manic episode. Individual is extremely talkative and may feel and irresistible urge to keep talking.

Echolalia

Disordered language with repetition of what the subject reads ex. A: How are you, B? B: How are you, B?

spina bifida

Orthopedic impairment and possible paralysis if membrane/tissue sacs open spinal cord

-Congenital defect in spinal column; "pouching" of spinal membranes or tissue, disrupting spinal cord

-Hydrocephalus

hydrocephalus

Fluid buildup in/around the brain, requires a shunt to drain fluid

muscular dystrophy

Progressive weakness of all muscles in the body. Can be attributed to degeneration of muscle cells and their replacement by fat and fibrous tissue

hyptonia

lack of muscle tone

central hearing loss

Hearing loss due to damage to or impairment of the brain or central nervous system

conductive hearing loss

Hearing loss caused by disease or obstruction in outer or middle ear

cerebral aneurysm

Bulge in the wall of an artery in the brain caused by weakness of artery tissue

dyspnea

shortness of breath

amusia

Loss of musical skills due to processing deficits

anoxia

Deprivation of oxygen to the brain because of disease or trauma

phenyketonuria (PKU)

Genetic metabolic disorder that causes sever brain damage due to the body's inability to break down the chemical phenylalonine

Stroke (apoplexy)

blockage of the blood supply to the brain which may be transient and temporary or severe resulting in paralysis, aphasia (a speech disorder), or incontinence (loss of bowel control). Either ischemic or demorrhagic

ischemic

Clot in blodd vessel that supplies blood to brain

hemorrhagic

Rupture of blood vessel in brain

arteriosclerosis

Group of diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of arterial wall, causing a stroke or heart attack

anaclitic depression

Depressed state in infant 7-30 months caused by separation from primary caregiver. Symptoms include listlessness, lack of affect, anorexia, and depressed motor activity

dysrhythmia

Lack of rhythmicity in social interactions. May be present in those with autism, manic/depressive symptoms, or schizophrenia

types of physical disabilities (classifications)

All types of physical disabilities or types of paralysis can be classified by the extremities involved: hemiplegia, diplegia, monoplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia. Congenital or adventitious. Neurological condition or muskuloskeletal condition.

congenital

Appear at birth

Adventitious

Appear after birth

Neurological condition

Affects central nervous system. Further classified as traumatic (due to accident or abuse) or nontraumatic (due to disease or congenital)

muskuloskeletal condition

due to disease or defect in muscles or bones

osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)

Autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue characterized by brittle bones that fracture easily

tactile defensiveness

Being overly responsive to the sense of touch, especially in case of another person's touch

cerebral palsy

Series of disorders characterized by problems in movement, posture, and loss of voluntary muscle control. Caused by brain injury early in life

conduct disorder

Persistent patter of behavior characterized by the break of social norms. Serious violations, aggression, destruction, or deceitfulness

disruptive behavior disorder

A type of conduct disorder characterized by oppositional and defiant behavior which does not meet criteria for other conduct disorders

Huntington's disease

An inherited disorder affecting the central nervous system and causing involuntary movements and contortions. May also cause cognitive decline and behavioral symptoms

Parkinson's disease

A chronic nervous system disorder characterize by tremor, rigidity, and slow movements

pervasive developmental disorders

A variety of mental/behavioral disorder without biological cause. ie. Autism, Rett Syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder

Rett Syndrome

A disorder in which a child with normal early development loses manual dexterity, coordinated gait, social engagement, and language. Associated with severe psychomotor retardation and deceleration of head growth

potential results of stroke

Paralysis, aphasia, inontinence

Williams Syndrome

A neurobehavioral congenital disorder characterized by delayed motor development, mild to moderate mental retardation, and notable impairment in visual and spatial functioning. Children display hyperacusis, responsiveness to music, and a social and verbal fluency.

Dysphoric

Having feelings of dejection, misery, and underestimation of self.

Fibromyalgia

A nonarticular rheumatic disorder, also known as myofascial pain syndrome, characterized by pain, stiffness and extreme tenderness in the muscles