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Motivation & Emotion & Personality
What is motivation?
A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
What does instinct theory suggest about behavior?
Instincts are complex behaviors that have been fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned.
What is the drive-reduction theory?
A psychological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
What triggers feelings of hunger according to the physiology of hunger?
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making it aware of our hunger.
What did Tsang's 1938 experiment with rats demonstrate?
Rats with removed stomachs still felt hungry, suggesting the brain's role in hunger is independent of the stomach's physical presence.
What is the main idea of arousal theory?
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of motives, which needs have priority?
Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement and self-esteem.
What role do hypothalamic centers play in hunger?
The lateral hypothalamus brings on hunger while the ventromedial hypothalamus depresses it.
What are the three components that constitute emotion?
Physiological activation, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
How does cognition affect emotion according to the theories discussed?
An arousal response to one event can spill over into our response to the next event.
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
The theory that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.
How does the Cannon-Bard theory differ from the James-Lange theory?
It proposes that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body’s arousal occur simultaneously.
What are the two factors proposed in the Two-Factor Theory of emotion?
Physical arousal and cognitive label.
What is the trait perspective in personality psychology?
An individual’s unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving (traits) constitutes his or her personality.
What was the main purpose of the MMPI?
To identify emotional disorders through a range of personality traits.
How many psychosexual stages did Freud divide personality development into?
Five psychosexual stages.
What is the Rorschach inkblot test used for?
To identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of a set of inkblots.
What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
A projective test where people express their inner feelings by creating stories about ambiguous scenes.
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