Chapter 9 - Respiration

E

(________) Bronchi- Branches repeatedly within the lungs to produce numerous finer tubes called bronchioles.

amino acids

Proteins from ________, hormones, enzymes (b) Cell growth and division: synthesis of new protoplasm and genetic material (c) Muscular contraction, both voluntary (involving skeletal muscles) and involuntary (cardiac muscle and smooth muscle i.e.

Energy

________ released from respiration is used for: (a) Synthesising complex molecules from simpler molecules i.e.

Chronic bronchitis

caused by irritation to the respiratory lining of the airways, resulting in inflammation.

F

(________) Lungs- Located in the pleural cavity, they are enclosed by the pleura, a two- layered membrane structure.

Emphysema

caused by exposure to toxic chemicals.

ribs

Structure which protects the lungs and extend from the backbone to the sternum (breast bone)

cartilage

The C- shaped structure that prevents the trachea from collapsing as the air pressure in the lungs changes.

Trachea

a tube supported by C- shaped cartilage connecting the larynx and the lungs.

mitochondria of cells

It occurs within the ________.

blood capillaries

They are well- supplied with ________ which transport away diffused oxygen and supply carbon dioxide for excretion.

Aerobic respiration

the oxidation of glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen to release a large amount of energy, with carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

bicarbonate ions

70 % is transported as ________ in the blood.

internal intercostal muscles contract

The ________ while the external intercostal muscles relax, moving the ribs downwards and inwards.

mucus

Fluid which traps dust, pollen and other particles and the cilia sweeps it upwards into the pharynx to be swallowed into the oesophagus.

interconversion of carbon dioxide

It catalyses the ________ with water to give carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.

clusters of air

The bronchioles at the end of the branching terminate in ________ sacs called alveoli.

chest cavity

The inner layer is in contact with the lungs while the other layer adheres to the wall of the ________.

human respiratory system

The ________ consists of:

external intercostal muscles contract

The ________ while the internal intercostal muscles relax.

energy

Some ________ is also released as heat during respiration.

Anaerobic respiration

the breakdown of glucose molecules in the absence of oxygen.

Breathing

the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells, and carbon dioxide from the cells to the outside air.

Nasal passages

Passages leading from the nostrils lined with a moist mucous membrane

Pharynx

Common passage for the opening of the oesophagus and the trachea

Larynx

Voice box containing vocal cords

Bronchi

Branches repeatedly within the lungs to produce numerous finer tubes called bronchioles.

external and internal intercostal muscles

Two sets of muscles attached to the ribs that are involved in breathing.

Flat

Shape of diaphragm when inhaling

Alveoli

the sites of gas exchange in the lungs.