environmental_microbiology_micro5

Nitrogen fixation

The process through which nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere into ammonia (NH3).

Eutrophication

The addition of organic matter and nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus, causing excessive growth of algae and subsequent depletion of oxygen in water.

Symbiosis

A relationship between two organisms where at least one organism benefits from the relationship.

Heterocysts

Specialized cells in filamentous cyanobacteria where nitrogen fixation occurs.

Mycorrhizae

Networks of fungi that associate with plant roots to enhance nutrient and water absorption.

Methanogens

Microbes that produce methane (CH4) by metabolizing cellulose, often found in the gut of cows.

Flocculant

A chemical, such as aluminum potassium sulfate, used in water treatment to form aggregates called floc that help remove contaminants.

Opportunistic pathogens

Pathogens that typically do not cause infection but can under certain circumstances, such as when introduced to an immunocompromised host.

16S rRNA sequencing

A method used to identify and classify bacteria by analyzing sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.

Water treatment

The process of making water safe for drinking and use, involving filtration, disinfection, and removal of impurities.

Sewage Treatment

A process that typically involves filtration and microbial oxidation of organic matter to clean wastewater.

Rhizobium

A genus of bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with legume plants, fixing atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria known for their role in nitrogen fixation and as contributors to eutrophication.

Chemical flocculation

A technique in water treatment where chemicals are added to water to promote the aggregation of particles for removal.

Cellulose metabolism

The breakdown of cellulose into simpler compounds, often resulting in the production of methane in methanogens.

Ant behavior modulation

A phenomenon where a pathogenic fungus manipulates an ant's behavior, leading to its death and the fungus's reproduction.

Oxygen depletion

A decrease in oxygen levels in water bodies, often resulting from microbial degradation of organic material.