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Stem Cell
Cells that can divide over and over again to produce new cells and can change into other types of cells.
Self-Renewal
The ability of a stem cell to copy itself, maintaining the stem cell pool.
Differentiation (in stem cells)
The process by which a stem cell specializes into a specific type of cell (e.g., muscle cell, nerve cell) and replaces dead or damaged cells.
Totipotent Stem Cells
Stem cells that can divide into all cell types in an organism, having the potential to create an entire, complete organism. (Toti= whole, potent = ability to differentiate)
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Stem cells that can differentiate into all possible types of specialized cells in the body (but not a whole organism); found in embryonic stem cells.
Multipotent Stem Cells
Stem cells that can only change into some cells in the body, not any cell. Develop into multiple specialised cell types present in a specific tissue or organ.
Unipotent Stem Cells
Stem cells that can only make one type of cell; example: epidermal stem cells.
Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells
Pluripotent stem cells found in the inner cell mass of a blastocyst which can supply new cells for an embryo as it grows.
Tissue/Adult Stem Cells
Multipotent stem cells that supply new cells as an organism grows and to replace cells that get damaged; found in bone marrow.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS cells)
Stem cells that scientists make in the laboratory by reprogramming normal adult cells to become pluripotent stem cells, behaving like embryonic stem cells.
Blastocyst
A very early embryo containing the inner cell mass from which embryonic stem cells are derived.
Inner Cell Mass
The cells inside the blastocyst from which embryonic stem cells are taken.
Epidermal Stem Cells
Unipotent stem cells found deep under the first layer of skin that renew and differentiate to replace older skin.