Exam Three Studyguide Review

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts and definitions related to classical conditioning, operant conditioning, memory, and emotion as studied in the lecture.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that involves associating two stimuli, leading to a learned response.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behaviors are shaped through reinforcement or punishment aswell as emotional resposes

UCS

Unconditioned Stimulus - A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

UCR

Unconditioned Response- natural response to an unconditioned stimulus.

NS

Neutral Stimulus - a stimulus that initially produces no specific response until it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

CS

Conditioned Stimulus - same as neutral stimulus 

CR

Conditioned Response - The learned response

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

The principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated.

Postive Reinforcement

Something good that is added to reinforce good behavior or increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Postivie Punishment

Adding a stimulus to the odds it decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Rules that determine how and when certain responses will be reinforced.

Memory Model

sensory, short-term, working, and long-term memory.

Explicit Memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one consciously knows and can declare.

Implicit Memory

Retention independent of conscious recollection, such as skills and conditioned responses.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Theory stating that an emotion is based on physiological arousal that occurs first.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Theory stating that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Schachter’s Theory of Emotion

Theory that suggests emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.

Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior.

Negative Punishment

Involves removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of an undesired behavior.

hippocampus

A region of the brain associated with memory formation and spatial navigation.

cerrebellum

A region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control, coordination, and balance. (muscle memory)

Sensory memory

The initial stage of memory that holds brief sensory impressions of stimuli, which lasts for a few seconds.

Short-term memory

The part of memory that temporarily holds and processes information for a limited duration, usually around 15 to 30 seconds.

Working memory

A limited capacity system that temporarily stores and manipulates information necessary for complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension.

Long-term memory

The component of memory that can store vast amounts of information for extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime, and is divided into explicit and implicit memory.

Automatic versus effortful processing

minimal effort, whereas effortful processing requires conscious attention and deliberate effort to encode and retrieve information.

Effective study methods

Techniques that enhance the retention and understanding of information, such as active recall, spaced repetition, and self-testing.

Semantic encoding

The process of converting information into a form that makes it meaningful and easier to remember by relating it to existing knowledge.

Case of Clive Wearing

A man with severe amnesia resulting from a viral infection, leading to profound memory loss and an inability to form new memories while retaining skills such as playing the piano.

explict memory

A type of long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of facts and events, allowing for the recall of previously learned experiences.

implicit memory

A type of long-term memory that influences thoughts and behaviors without conscious awareness, often involving skills and conditioned responses.

Little Albert

A young child in a psychological experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner, demonstrating that emotional responses could be conditioned through fear of a white rat.

Fixed ratio

A type of reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning where a response is reinforced after a specific number of responses, promoting consistent behaviors.

Variable ratio

A type of reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to high and steady response rates.

Fixed interval

A type of reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning where a response is reinforced after a specified amount of time has passed, promoting behaviors at predictable intervals.

Variable interval

A type of reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning where a response is reinforced after varying amounts of time, encouraging steady behaviors over time.

Observational learning

A learning process where behaviors are acquired through observing and imitating others, rather than through direct experience or reinforcement.

what it takes for classical conditioning to be successful

Classical conditioning requires the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response, emphasizing the importance of timing and repetition.