Nerves and CNS EXAM 3

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112 Terms

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CNS

central
brain, spinal cord

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PNS

peripheral
nerves

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neuron

specialized cell that conduct signal processes from nerves
"excitablle cells"

  • amitotic (no cell division)
  • long-lived
  • receive stimuli
  • transmit electrical signals
  • release neurotransmitters
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sensory

receptor -> CNS

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Motor

CNS -> effector

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somatic

body wall, aware and voluntary

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somatic sensory

feel temperature on the skin

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somatic motor

causes to biceps to contract

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autonomic/automatic/visceral

organs & vessels/ involuntary control and less aware

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autonomic sensory

senses blood pressure

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autonomic motor

lowers heart rate (cardiac muscle)

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sympathetic

fight or flight (increasing energy)

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parasympathetic

rest and digest (calming)

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neuroglia

supporting cells

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neuropil

background of cytoplasmic extensions of all nervous cells

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Steps of neurotransmitter

  1. Axon: transmits signal (depolarization) -> action potential
    -> opens sodium & potassium gates -> flips the charge
  2. sends neurotransmitter vesicles to terminals
    axon terminal -> release neurotrans : to the sarcolemma of muscle or to another cell (neuron)
    axon terminal forms a synapse with another cell
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synpase

axon terminal forms with another cell

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nerve

bundle of axons that are wrapped together (mixed function)

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multipolor (motor)

interneurons - between each other in the brain

  • to effectors
  • stuck in CNS
<p>interneurons - between each other in the brain</p>
<ul>
<li>to effectors</li>
<li>stuck in CNS</li>
</ul>
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bipolar (special sensory)

special senses
go on in our head usually

  • hearing, sight, taste, smell -> to CNS
<p>special senses<br />
go on in our head usually </p>
<ul>
<li>hearing, sight, taste, smell -&gt; to CNS</li>
</ul>
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unipolar (general sensory)

forms long nerves

  • mostly in skin (feeling)
  • pain, pressure, temperature
    skin -> CNS
    cell body is always in or near CNS
<p>forms long nerves</p>
<ul>
<li>mostly in skin (feeling)</li>
<li>pain, pressure, temperature<br />
skin -&gt; CNS<br />
cell body is always in or near CNS</li>
</ul>
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neurilemma

only on axon protective coating

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astrocyte cells

  • filter blood in CNS
  • control capillary permeability
  • control chemical enviroment of neurons
  • wrap blood vessels (filter)
  • blood-brain barrier
  • protect brain from toxins, chemicals, etc
<ul>
<li>filter blood in CNS</li>
<li>control capillary permeability</li>
<li>control chemical enviroment of neurons</li>
<li>wrap blood vessels (filter)</li>
<li>blood-brain barrier</li>
<li>protect brain from toxins, chemicals, etc</li>
</ul>
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microglial cells

phagocytic / destory pathogens (digest) debris

  • part of our defense system in CNS
<p>phagocytic / destory pathogens (digest) debris</p>
<ul>
<li>part of our defense system in CNS</li>
</ul>
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ependymal cells

  • secretory
  • line cavities of brain & spinal cord in CNS
  • secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • CSF cushions, protects, nourishes, nervous tissue
  • line CSF fllied cavities/ventricles
<ul>
<li>secretory</li>
<li>line cavities of brain &amp; spinal cord in CNS</li>
<li>secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</li>
<li>CSF cushions, protects, nourishes, nervous tissue</li>
<li>line CSF fllied cavities/ventricles</li>
</ul>
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oligodendrocytes

  • have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers
  • produce myelination in CNS (a membrane based lipid coating around axons)
  • myelin insulates & protects axons, increases speed of conduction of nerve impulse
<ul>
<li>have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers</li>
<li>produce myelination in CNS (a membrane based lipid coating around axons)</li>
<li>myelin insulates &amp; protects axons, increases speed of conduction of nerve impulse</li>
</ul>
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white matter

mostly myelinated axons & dendrites, paler color

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gray matter

mostly cell bodies & synapses, darker color (most synapses occur)

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Schwann cells

  • in PNS (travel to/from distant areas)
  • surround fibers
  • produce myelination in PNS (membrane based lipid coating around axons) -> repeatedly wrap
<ul>
<li>in PNS (travel to/from distant areas)</li>
<li>surround fibers</li>
<li>produce myelination in PNS (membrane based lipid coating around axons) -&gt; repeatedly wrap</li>
</ul>
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neurilemma sheath

multiple ones wrap axons

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myelin sheath

repeated flat layers of lipid membrane of schwann cell
-mylein insulates, protects axons, increases speed of conduction of nerve impulse

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neurilemma

ring of flattened cytoplasm & nucleus of schwann cell

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unmyelinated

ion exchange continuous/slow

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myelinated

few ion exchanges at nodes -> FAST

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multiple functions

many axons

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At rest

-70 mV inside axons (0 on outside) -> resting membrane potential

  • diffusion of both sodium (IN) and potassium (OUT) MORE POTASSIUM!!
  • also negative (-) proteins inside always
  • also use sodium/potassium pump (active transport)
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dendrities

stimulates neuron at?

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ligand

chemical - neurotransmitter/hormone/ion

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voltage gates

respond/open based on charge

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initial stimulus

usually chemical -> to dendrite

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depolarization

(sodium first …. increases charge inside)
potassium out (repolarize)

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hyperpolarize

more (-) negative inside

  • prevents the backward depolarization wave!
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depolarization wave progresses

dendrites -> cell body membrane -> graded potential: could weaken OR stop

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insidie axon cytoplasm

transport of cargo
anterograde -> (body to synapse)
vesicles of neutrotransmitter/mitochondria/microtubules
-retrograde (synapse -> cell body)
parts to recycle
extra neurotransmitters

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anterograde

cell body to synapse (axon terminal)

  • carry vesicles of neurotransmitter/mitochondria/microtubules
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retrograde

(axon terminal) synapse to cell body
-carry old membraine parts to recycle and extra neurotransmitters

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layers that protect brain

  1. scalp - thick skin/hair
  2. periosteum (connective tissue - around skull bones
  3. skull
  4. meninges - 2 here
  5. cerebrospinal fluid & blood-brain barrier - from ependymal cells -> fluid
  6. meninges (1)
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meninges of brain

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

  • cover & protect, creates spaces, form CSF, support vessels
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dura mater

outer meninges
A - periosteal (inner periosteum)
B - meningeal (inner)
duran sinuses w/ blood (low O2 - veins) in between

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arachnoid mater

webbly with vessels

  • subarachnoid space: with CSF
  • arachnoid villi: reabsord CSF
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pia mater

on surface of brain
inner meninges

  • sheets of meningeal dura mater?
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falx cerebri

between right & left cerebrum

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tentorium cerebelli

divides cerebrum from cerebellum

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falx cerebelli

divides right & left cerebellar (cerebellum)

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Dural sinuses

veins

  • run along sheets of dura mater - formed between layers of dura mater & transports venous blood
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superior & inferior sagittal sinus

all drain into the jugular vein to leave the skull

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CSF

in subarachnoid space and made in ventricles (cavities)

  • protects, nourishes, and cushion brain
  • circulates in ventricles & around the brain in subarachnoid space
    (O2, glucose, electrolyties -> Na+, K+, Ca2+)
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choroid plexus

in ventricles -> capillaries (blood) + ependymal cells
creates cerebrospinal fluid

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Circulation pattern of CSF

  1. CSF produced by choroid plexus of each ventricle.
    (1st and 2nd ventricles) - > 3rd ventricle -> aqeuduct -> lateral - one on either side
    circulate around subarachnoid space
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3 primary divisions of embryonic brain neural tube

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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Forebrain (prosencephalon)

telencephalon - cerebrum (higher level)
+
diencephalon (2nd) thalamus & epithalamus, hypothalamus

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Midbrain (mesencephalon)

(brainstem) - basic vital functions

  • breathing, temp, blood pressure
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hind brain (rhombencephalon)

metencephalon - (pons) cerebellum (brainstem)
+
myelencephalon - (medulla oblongata)

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shape/expansion changes in brain

week 5 - flexures (bends) - midbrain 1st, cervical 2nd (as the head develops)
week 13 - expansion of telencephalon (envelops diencephalon)
week 26 - surface folds in outer cerebrum & expanded + folded cerebellum
week 39 (birth) - complex cerebral cortex - (gray matter) -> synapses (major)

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sulci/sulcus

grooves

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gyri/gyrus

bumps

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forebrain & hindbrain

adult brain shows mostly?

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lateral view

cerebrum (4 lobes)
cerebellum (posterior)

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superior view

only cerebrum
R + L hemispheres

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all gray matter of cortex

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes

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precentral (motor) gyrus

frontal lobe

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postcentral gyrus (sensory)

parietal

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3 functional areas of cerbral cortex

motor areas - control voluntary movement
sensory areas - conscious awareness of sensation
association areas - integrate diverse information

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cerebral cortex

motor control (voluntary, conscious - somatic_
mostly frontal lobe, also temporal lobe

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primary motor cortex

precentral gyrus - fine muscle control
-conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
-depicated as a "motor homunculus"

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premotor cortex

pattern/repetitive
-learned, repetitive, patterned, sequential motor skills

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Broca's area (left side)

speech production

  • motor area for speech production, control of tongue muscles
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frontal eye field

voluntary eye movements

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prefrontal cortex - frontal lobe

most complex area, coordinates multiple inputs & outputs

  • working memory (memories)
  • compare experiences to problem - solve, reason, make judgements
  • contributes to personality, ability to plan & manage tasks
  • planning, decisions, judgement
  • object-recall tasks, multitask problems, task management
  • spatial tasks
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sensory cortex

process info from all receptiors (parietal, occipital, temporal)
special senses

  1. taste
  2. smell
  3. sight
  4. hearing
    visual - occipital lobe
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Wernicke's area

understanding and interpreting language (temporal lobe)

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sensory homunculus

proportionally more cerbral sensory cortex is devoted to
-hands (finger and thumb)
-mouth (tongue)
-eyes
-genitalia
-internal organs

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limbic system

responsible for feeling emotions

  • for emotional impact to help establish memories & learn (gratification, aversion, danger, pleasure)
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cingulate gryus

emotional impact -> memories and affect behavior decisions

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capgras delusion/imposter syndrome

-lesion in limbic system
-recognize a relative as someone u know but believe they are an imposter bc there is no emotional impact associated w the person

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white matter tracts of cerebrum

  • commissural fibers (corpus callosum)
  • myelinated axon paths -> connect cerebral cortex to spinal cord -> body
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L hemipshere

language, math, logic, abstract physical tasks

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R hemisphere

artistic, visual spatial, intuition

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Diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
"gateway to cortex" - directs neuron tracts

  • central part - THALAMUS
    -sorts information from sensory
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Epithalamus

pineal gland - melatonin

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hypothalamus

autonomic NS
control basic viseral functions
(BP, HR, hunger, body temp, sleep;
endocrine (hormone secretion)
pituitary gland -> "master" endocrine
a) hormones for reproduction
b) fluid balance -> kidneys

  • optic chiasma
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Thalamus

encloses 3rd ventricle

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Mesencephalon

midbrain (least elaborated region of brain & part of brainstem)
-> corpora quadrigemina
a) superior colliculi
-visual reflexes
b) inferior colliculi
-auditory reflexes
(a & b are fast autonomic protective)

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cerebral aqueduct

connection between 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain

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pons (brainstem)

breathing & swallowing
some facial expression
breathing rate + rhythm

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metencephalon

  • cerebellum (elaborate)
  • balance, recognizing position in 3D space, agility, motor rhythm, and coordination
    -> gray + white matter (folded)
    lots of surface area (arbor vitae - tree of life)
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cauda equina

collection of nerves at the end of the spinal cord that resembles horse tail

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myelencephalon

medulla oblongata
controls autonomic reflexes
-cardiovascular center: blood pressure, heart rate, vascoconstriction
-respiratory center: generate rhythm, coughing, sneezing

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spinal cord

beings at foramen magnum in vertebral canal

  • gray matter (central) cell bodies, synapses, interneurons, somas of motor neurons
    -white matter (peripheral) myelinated axons and dendrities
    white matter of spinal cord is vertically oriented
    gray matter of spinal cord connects to PNS