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What is a chemical equation?
A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, showing the reactants and products with their coefficients.
What are reactants?
Reactants are the starting substances in a chemical reaction, which undergo transformation to form products.
What are products in a chemical reaction?
Products are the substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Define catalyst.
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
What is activation energy?
Activation energy is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
What are exothermic reactions?
Exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that release heat to the surroundings.
What are endothermic reactions?
Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions that absorb heat from the surroundings.
What is a mole in chemistry?
A mole is a unit of measurement used to express amounts of a chemical substance, equivalent to 6.022 x 10²³ particles.
Define molarity.
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, commonly used to express concentration.
What is a balanced chemical equation?
A balanced chemical equation has equal numbers of each type of atom on both the reactant and product sides.
What does pH measure?
pH measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions.
Define oxidation.
Oxidation is the process in which a substance loses electrons or increases its oxidation state.
Define reduction in chemistry.
Reduction is the process in which a substance gains electrons or decreases its oxidation state.
What is an ionic bond?
An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
What is a covalent bond?
A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
What are acids?
Acids are substances that donate protons (H+) in a solution and have a pH less than 7.
What are bases?
Bases are substances that accept protons (H+) or donate hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution and have a pH greater than 7.
What is a salt in chemistry?
A salt is an ionic compound formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
What is the law of conservation of mass?
The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
What is stoichiometric coefficient?
Stoichiometric coefficients are the numbers in front of the reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation.
Define le Chatelier's principle.
Le Chatelier's principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, the system shifts to counteract that change.
What is an equilibrium constant?
An equilibrium constant (K) is a value that expresses the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium for a reversible reaction.
What are intermolecular forces?
Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules, or ions).
Define specific heat capacity formula.
Specific heat capacity is calculated using the formula: Q = mcΔT, where Q is heat added, m is mass, c is specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
What is a phase diagram?
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
What is a saturated solution?
A saturated solution is a solution in which no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature and pressure.
What is a supersaturated solution?
A supersaturated solution is a solution that contains more dissolved solute than is predicted by its solubility at a given temperature.
What is distillation?
Distillation is a separation technique that utilizes differences in boiling points to separate components of a liquid mixture.
What is chromatography?
Chromatography is a method used to separate mixtures based on differences in the movement of their components through a stationary phase.
Define electrolysis.
Electrolysis is a chemical process that uses electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Define thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy transfer and transformation, particularly in chemical reactions.
What is a buffer solution?
A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Define hydrophilic substances.
Hydrophilic substances are attracted to water and can dissolve or mix well in water.
What are hydrophobic substances?
Hydrophobic substances repel water and do not dissolve or mix well in water.
What is viscocity?
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow or deformation.
What is the difference between an electrolyte and a nonelectrolyte?
An electrolyte conducts electricity when dissolved in water, while a nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity.
What is a phase transition?
A phase transition is the transformation of a substance from one state of matter to another, such as solid to liquid.
Define solvation.
Solvation is the process of surrounding solute particles with solvent molecules.
What is a chemical bond?
A chemical bond is an attractive force between atoms or ions that holds them together in a compound.
What are free radicals?
Free radicals are atoms or molecules that have unpaired electrons and are highly reactive.
What is the significance of polar molecules?
Polar molecules have uneven distribution of electron density, leading to partial charges and affecting their interactions with other molecules.
Define molecular formula.
A molecular formula indicates the number and types of atoms in a molecule but not the arrangement of the atoms.
What is a structural formula?
A structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
What are alkanes?
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms.
What are alkenes?
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
What are alkynes?
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
Define isomers.
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits, known as monomers.
What is hydrogen bonding?
Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules that contain hydrogen bonded to highly electronegative atoms.
What is a combustion reaction?
A combustion reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, producing gas and heat.
What is a hydrate?
A hydrate is a compound that contains water molecules within its crystal structure.
What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
Strong acids completely dissociate in solution, while weak acids partially dissociate.
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