Chemistry Quarter 3 Benchmark

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63 Terms

1
What are the different types of chemical reactions?
The main types include combination (synthesis), decomposition, single replacement, double replacement (metathesis), and combustion reactions.
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2
What is stoichiometry?
Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction, based on the law of conservation of mass.
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3
How do you calculate percent yield?
Percent yield is calculated using the formula: (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100%.
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4
What is the role of the reactivity series in single replacement reactions?
The reactivity series helps predict whether a single replacement reaction will occur based on the relative reactivities of the elements involved.
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5
What is the difference between theoretical yield and actual yield?
Theoretical yield is the maximum predicted amount of product from a reaction, while actual yield is the amount obtained experimentally, which is often less due to various losses.
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6
Define enthalpy (H).
Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total heat content of a system at constant pressure.
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7
What is the heat of fusion?
The heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to melt one mole or one gram of a solid substance at its melting point.
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8
Describe the concept of specific heat capacity.
Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
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9
What are London Dispersion Forces?
London Dispersion Forces are weak intermolecular forces that arise from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution around molecules.
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10
What occurs during a phase change with respect to temperature?
During a phase change, the temperature of a substance remains constant as heat is added or removed to overcome intermolecular forces.
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11

What is a chemical equation?

A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, showing the reactants and products with their coefficients.

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12

What are reactants?

Reactants are the starting substances in a chemical reaction, which undergo transformation to form products.

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13

What are products in a chemical reaction?

Products are the substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

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14

Define catalyst.

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

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15

What is activation energy?

Activation energy is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

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16

What are exothermic reactions?

Exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that release heat to the surroundings.

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17

What are endothermic reactions?

Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions that absorb heat from the surroundings.

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18

What is a mole in chemistry?

A mole is a unit of measurement used to express amounts of a chemical substance, equivalent to 6.022 x 10²³ particles.

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19

Define molarity.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, commonly used to express concentration.

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20

What is a balanced chemical equation?

A balanced chemical equation has equal numbers of each type of atom on both the reactant and product sides.

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21

What does pH measure?

pH measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions.

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22

Define oxidation.

Oxidation is the process in which a substance loses electrons or increases its oxidation state.

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23

Define reduction in chemistry.

Reduction is the process in which a substance gains electrons or decreases its oxidation state.

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24

What is an ionic bond?

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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25

What is a covalent bond?

A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

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26

What are acids?

Acids are substances that donate protons (H+) in a solution and have a pH less than 7.

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27

What are bases?

Bases are substances that accept protons (H+) or donate hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution and have a pH greater than 7.

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28

What is a salt in chemistry?

A salt is an ionic compound formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.

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29

What is the law of conservation of mass?

The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

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30

What is stoichiometric coefficient?

Stoichiometric coefficients are the numbers in front of the reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation.

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31

Define le Chatelier's principle.

Le Chatelier's principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, the system shifts to counteract that change.

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32

What is an equilibrium constant?

An equilibrium constant (K) is a value that expresses the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium for a reversible reaction.

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33

What are intermolecular forces?

Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules, or ions).

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34

Define specific heat capacity formula.

Specific heat capacity is calculated using the formula: Q = mcΔT, where Q is heat added, m is mass, c is specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

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35

What is a phase diagram?

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure.

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36

What is a saturated solution?

A saturated solution is a solution in which no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature and pressure.

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37

What is a supersaturated solution?

A supersaturated solution is a solution that contains more dissolved solute than is predicted by its solubility at a given temperature.

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38

What is distillation?

Distillation is a separation technique that utilizes differences in boiling points to separate components of a liquid mixture.

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39

What is chromatography?

Chromatography is a method used to separate mixtures based on differences in the movement of their components through a stationary phase.

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40

Define electrolysis.

Electrolysis is a chemical process that uses electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

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41

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

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42

Define thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics is the study of energy transfer and transformation, particularly in chemical reactions.

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43

What is a buffer solution?

A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

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44

Define hydrophilic substances.

Hydrophilic substances are attracted to water and can dissolve or mix well in water.

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45

What are hydrophobic substances?

Hydrophobic substances repel water and do not dissolve or mix well in water.

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46

What is viscocity?

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow or deformation.

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47

What is the difference between an electrolyte and a nonelectrolyte?

An electrolyte conducts electricity when dissolved in water, while a nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity.

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48

What is a phase transition?

A phase transition is the transformation of a substance from one state of matter to another, such as solid to liquid.

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49

Define solvation.

Solvation is the process of surrounding solute particles with solvent molecules.

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50

What is a chemical bond?

A chemical bond is an attractive force between atoms or ions that holds them together in a compound.

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51

What are free radicals?

Free radicals are atoms or molecules that have unpaired electrons and are highly reactive.

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52

What is the significance of polar molecules?

Polar molecules have uneven distribution of electron density, leading to partial charges and affecting their interactions with other molecules.

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53

Define molecular formula.

A molecular formula indicates the number and types of atoms in a molecule but not the arrangement of the atoms.

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54

What is a structural formula?

A structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.

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55

What are alkanes?

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms.

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56

What are alkenes?

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

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57

What are alkynes?

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

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58

Define isomers.

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

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59

What is a polymer?

A polymer is a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits, known as monomers.

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60

What is hydrogen bonding?

Hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules that contain hydrogen bonded to highly electronegative atoms.

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61

What is a combustion reaction?

A combustion reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, producing gas and heat.

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62

What is a hydrate?

A hydrate is a compound that contains water molecules within its crystal structure.

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63

What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

Strong acids completely dissociate in solution, while weak acids partially dissociate.

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