Nursing: Unit 6: Chapter 40: Common Health Problems

Arthritis

Inflammation of the joint

Arthoplasty

Surgical replacement of a joint

Benign Tumor

A tumor that doesn’t spread to other body parts

Cancer/malignant tumor

A tumor that invades and destroys nearby tissues and can spread to other body parts

Emesis/vomitus

The food and fluids expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Fracture

A broken bone

Hemiplegia

Paralysis on one side of the body

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar in the blood

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Hypoglacemia

Low sugar in the blood

Metastasis

The spread of cancer to other body parts

Paralysis

Loss of muscle function

Paraplegia

Paralysis in the legs and lower trunk

Pneumonia

Inflammation and infection of lung tissue; affected tissues fill with fluid. Bacteria viruses and other microbes are causes of this. Drugs are ordered for infection and pain, and fluid intake is increased for fever and to thin secretion as they are easier to cough up.

quadriplegia

Paralysis in the arms, legs, and tunk

Tumor

A new growth of abnormal cells that is benign or malignant

Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis

What does ALS stand for?

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

What does BPH stand for?

Coronary Artery disease

what does CAD stand for?

Chronic kidney disease

What does CKD stand for?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

What does COPD stand for?

Cerebrovascular accident

What does CVA stand for?

End-stage renal disease

What does ESRD stand for?

Inflammatory Bowel disease

What does IBD stand for?

Myocardial infarction

What does MI stand for?

Multiple sclerosis

What does MS stand for

Rheumatoid arthritis

What does RA stand for?

Sexually transmitted infection

What does STI stand for?

Transient ischemic attack

What does TIA stand for?

Second

Cancer is the _____ leading cause of death in the United States

Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy

What are the three common treatments used for cancer?

Osteoarthritis

A type of arthritis where cartilage at the ends of bones is damaged and wears away, causing bones to rub together

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A type of arthritis that is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the lining of the joints, causing inflammation and painful swelling.

Woman

Arthritis is more common in _______ and same with osteoporosis

No cure

Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis both have _______.

Osteoporosis

The bone becomes porous and brittle, causing them to be fragile and break easily.

Calcium and Vitamin D

These two nutrients are essential to prevent osteoporosis

Open/compound Fractures

This is when the broken bone has come through the skin

Closed/simple Fracture

This is when the bone is broken but the skin is intact

Reduction and fixation

For healing, the bone ends are brought into and held in normal position which is called _____ and ______.

Reducation, closed, open

This is when the bone is moved back into place.

______ is when the bone is not exposed, and _____ is when the bone is surgically exposed and moved into alignment

Fixation

This is when the bone is held or fixed in place.

_____ is when pins, screws, or wires are set into the none outside the skin and removed after healing or when the person is healthy for _____, which is nails rods, pins, screws, plates, or wires surgically placed under the skin.

Fiberglass, plastic

Casts are made of _____ (which dries quickly) or ______ (takes 24-48 hours to dry).

Cover, drying, hard surface

For cast care, do not _____ it with blankets, plastic, or other material as the cast fives of heat as it dries and increases burn risk.

Promote ____ of the cast because a wet cast loses its shape.

Do not place a wet cast on a _____ otherwise the cast will flatten.

Powder, rings

For the person’s safety while wearing a cast, do not put ____ under the cast, and do not allow the person to wear ____.

traction, add/remove, floor

For _____ care, do not remove it, do not _____ weights, and make sure the weights are off of the _____.

2 directions

With traction, a steady pull from ______ keeps the bone in place

unaffected

Place the chair on the person’s ________ side, especially if they had a hip fracture surgery

Chair

With an internal fixation device, the leg is not elevated when the person is in a _____.

Abducted

Keep the legs ______ at all times when a person is recovering from hip fracture surgery.

Gangrene

A condition where there is death in tissue; it becomes black, cold, shriveled, and eventually dies, which can even cause the person to die.

Cerebrovascular accident

Another word for stroke, this occurs when one of the following happens:

A blood vessel in the brain bursts and bleeds into the brain

OR
A blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain and blood flow stops

Stroke

This is the leading cause of disability and death in the United States

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

When signs and symptoms of a stroke only last a few minutes, this is called _______. During this, blood supply to the brain is interrupted for a short time. This may occur before a real stroke.

Parkinson’s Disease

This is a progressive disorder affecting movement, often known for people shuffling their feet. It occurs when the brain’s nerve cells don’t produce enough dopamine, which is necessary for smooth purposeful movement.

Tremors, stiff muscles, slow movement, stooped posture

In Parkinson’s, the main signs are:

_____, which often start in the namd

______, occurs in the arms, legs, neck, and trunk

_____, where the person develops short shuffling steps

_______, where it’s just hard to walk.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

With this disease, the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed causing the impairment and loss of function. Symptoms usually start between the ages of 20 and 40. White people and woman are most at risk and there is no cure. Remission and relapses are common at first, but then symptoms eventually become worse.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

This disease affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord which affect voluntary muscle movement, including arms, legs, and those used for chewing and talking. This disease has no cure and damage is irreversible. Also called Lou Gehrig’s disease, this is rapidly progressive and fatal most dying 3-5 after onset. Due to this disease, muscles waste away (atrophy) and twitch. Disease does not affect mind, intelligence, memory, sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch, and even bowel and bladder function

Spinal Cord

This type of injury is usually caused from a sudden traumatic blow to the spine. Sensation and body functions are also affected, casuing different types of possible paralysis

Lumbar and thoracic, cervical

_______ injuries cause the person to have paraplegia, while ____ injuries cause people to get quadriplegia or tetraplegia

Cognitive, sensory, communication, emotional, consciousness

Traumatic brain injuries, (TBIs), occur from violent injuries to the brain. Disabilities depend on the severity and the site of the injury. They include problems with _____, ______, _____, _____, and _______, levels of a person.

Stupor

State of consciousness where the person is unresponsive but can be briefly aroused by a strong stimulus like pain

Coma

State of consciousness where the person is unconscious, does not respond, is unaware, and cannot be aroused.

Vegetative State

Person who is unconscious and unaware of surroundings. The person has sleep-wake cycles and may open the eyes, make sounds, or move.

Brain death

When the person—-despite complete loss of brain function—-has their heart continue to beat. Reflex activity, movement, and spontaneous respirations are absent.

Cardiovascular disorders

This type of disorder is the leading cause of death in the united states.

attack, failure, stroke, kidney

Hypertensions often doesn’t cause symptoms but does make the heart work harder leading to disorders like heart ___, heart ____, _____, and _____ failure

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

This is the disease where coronary arteries—-arteries that supply the heart with blood— become hardened and narrow. Most common cause is atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis

Most common cause of CAD; this is when plaque (made up of cholesterol fat, and other substances) collect on the artery walls, narrowing the arteries, blocking some or all blood flow. Due to that, blood clots can form.

Angia

A complication of CAD; this is when a person feels chest pain from reduced blood flow to a part of the heart muscle. The narrowed arteries prevent increase in blood flow to the heart when needed (cold temps, exercise, etc) which causes tightness, pressure, or burning in the chest.

Nitroglycerin

This is a type of drug that dissolves under the tongue which helps relieve symptoms of Angina

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

This results a part of the heart muscle dying from sudden blockage of blood flow in the coronary artery.

Upper body discomfort

A sign and symptom of myocardial infarction include ______ in one or both harms, back, shoulders, neck, jaw, or upper stomach.

Left, Right

Heart failure can affect one or both sides of the heart. It may affect the heart’s ability to pump normally, blood backing up in the lungs causing respiratory congestion (____ side), blood backing up into the venous system causing edema/swelling (_____ side), or both.

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

This occurs when the weakened heart cannot pump normally, causing the blood to be backed up and then tissue congesting. It’s caused by conditions that damage or overwork the heart (hypertension, CAD, heart attack)

Lying, white/pink, rapid, decreased

When heart failure, some signs and symptoms include dyspnea being worse when the person is ____, the sputum is _____, weight gain is _____, and appetite is _____.

Pulmonary Edema

Fluid in the lungs; this may result from heart failure and it is an emergency as the person can die.

Semi-Fowler’s

This position is preferred for breathing when the person has heart failure.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

This involves two disorders: emphysema and chronic bronchitis. These disorders interfere with O2 and CO2 gas exchange and obstruct the airflow, eventually causing the loss of lung function. Risk varies for each person and smoking is a huge risk factor.

Emphysema

This disease causes damage to the alveoli in the lungs; they change shape, become less elastic, and do not shrink and expand normally, trapping air. Person has shortness of breath and a cough. Person must stop smoking. Breathing is easier sitting upright and slightly forward

Chronic Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi long term; airways are narrowed from inflammation and mucus and the main symptoms are ongoing coughs or a cough that produces lots of mucus. Person must stop smoking. Oxygen therapy and breathing exercises are common, and so are drugs.

Asthma

This condition usually is triggered by allergies, air pollutants, irritants, and smoking. The airway becomes inflamed and narrow. Extra mucus is produced. This condition is treated with drugs

Influenza

This is a respiratory infection caused by viruses, and this “season” usually occurs in the fall and winter months. Older persons are at great risk, and pneumonia is a common complication. Coughing and sneezing spreads the virus, but also when a person touches a contaminated surface. Treatment includes lots of fluids and rest, and maybe drugs for symptoms relief.

Standard and Droplets

____ and_____ precautions are needed to be followed when treating a person with influenza (flu)

Behavior, below

Older persons may not present the normal symptoms of the flu as other people. Some signs are changes in _______ and having a body temperature _____ the normal range

Standard

____ precautions are needed when dealing with people who have pneumonia.

Tuberculosis (TB)

This is a bacterial infection in the lungs. It is spread by airborne droplets and therefore is more likely to occur in close, crowded areas. It can be in the latent or active form, but is only passed to others in the active form.

Standard Airborne

_____ and _____ percautions are needed when dealing with people who have active TB.

Standard, bloodborne

Follow the _____ and ______ precautions when dealing with vomit

Diverticular Disease

Small pouches that may develop in the colon, bulge outward through weak spots in its wall, and when feces enter the pouches, they become inflamed and infected. Diet changes are ordered—-probiotics and antibiotics. A colostomy may be needed.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

This involves chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, usually occurring before 30 years of age. There are two types: Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis.

Crohn’s Disease

Inflammation commonly affects the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine, but any part of the GI tract from the mouth to anus can be affected

Ulcerative Colitis

The lining of the large intestine and rectum is inflamed and has ulcers; some signs and symptoms include persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, rectal bleeding, and weight loss. colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary

Colon Cancer

People with IBD may be at higher risk for ______.

Hepatitis

This is the inflammation and infection of the liver caused by a virus, and there are 5 major types.

Hepatitis A

Type of hepatitis that is spread through contact of feces from an infected person. There is a vaccine.

Hepatitis B

Type of hepatitis that is spread through contact with infected blood or body fluids. There is a vaccine

Hepatitis C

Type of hepatitis that is spread through infected blood. Person may have no symptoms but can spread disease. Serious liver damage may occur. There is no vaccine

Hepatitis D

Type of hepatitis that is spread through infected blood or body fluids. Only infects people who have hepatitis B Vaccine against B protects against D

Hepatitis E

Type of hepatitis virus has many different types and is not common in developed countries.