Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology

Science

Systematic study of the natural world through observation.

Technology

Application of scientific knowledge to solve problems.

Society

Group of individuals engaged in social interactions.

Scientific Method

Structured approach for conducting scientific experiments.

Invention

Creation of a new device or process.

Innovation

Improvement or modification of existing technologies.

Interdisciplinary Course

Course integrating multiple fields of study.

Empirical Activities

Experiments generating universal truths through observation.

Human Values

Principles guiding human behavior and decision-making.

Social Organization

Structure and arrangement of society's groups.

Environmental Concerns

Issues related to the natural environment's health.

Economic Resources

Assets used to produce goods and services.

Political Decisions

Choices made by authorities affecting society.

Scientific Knowledge

Body of facts and principles derived from science.

Technological Systems

Processes and objects designed for human assistance.

Problem Solving

Finding solutions through inquiry and information collection.

Natural Environment

Physical surroundings influencing human life and activities.

Human Needs

Basic requirements essential for human survival.

Human Wants

Desires that enhance quality of life beyond needs.

Modification of Nature

Changing natural elements to meet human requirements.

Society

Community sharing geographical or social territory.

Persistent Social Interaction

Ongoing exchanges among individuals in society.

Scientific Knowledge Influence

Impact of science on individuals and societal structures.

Technological Change

Transformations in technology affecting daily life.

Global Scenario

Current worldwide conditions affecting science and technology.

Holistic Study

Comprehensive approach considering all aspects of a subject.

Synthesis

Combining knowledge for deeper understanding.

Scientific Methods

Systematic approaches for investigating phenomena.

Engine of Growth

Factors driving economic and technological advancement.

Cognitive Enhancement Interventions

Techniques to improve mental capabilities.

Proton Therapy

Cancer treatment using protons to target tumors.

Genetic Engineering

Modifying organisms' DNA for desired traits.

Historical Antecedents

Earlier influences shaping modern scientific thought.

Old Science

Knowledge based on tradition and authority.

New Science

Knowledge based on empirical evidence and experimentation.

Ancient Egyptians

Pioneers of advanced medical practices and records.

Imhotep

First known physician and architect in history.

Scientific Method

Process involving observation, experimentation, and conclusion.

Papyrus

Ancient writing material made from papyrus plant.

Mesopotamians

Early civilization known for pottery and chariots.

Chinese Compasses

Navigational tools used for travel guidance.

Multidisciplinary Science

Combining various fields for comprehensive problem-solving.

Hellenistic Period

Era marked by significant scientific advancements.

Plato's Academy

First institution for higher learning in Greece.

Aristotle

Philosopher who contributed to scientific methodology.

Eratosthenes

Calculated Earth's circumference using geometry.

Euclid

Father of geometry, authored 'Elements'.

Archimedes

Mathematician known for principles of buoyancy.

Technological Revolutions

Major advancements transforming economies and societies.

Micro-processors

Small computing units driving modern technology.

Nano-technology

Manipulating matter at atomic and molecular levels.

Thales of Miletus

First philosopher-scientist theorized water as fundamental elements.

Plato

Developed the Pythagorean Theorem

Empirical Research

Knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher (384-322 BC) influencing science.

Scientific Renaissance

15th-16th centuries focused on ancient knowledge.

Archimedes

Greek mathematician known for buoyancy and levers.

Scientific Revolution

17th century shift from recovery to innovation.

Eratosthenes

Measured Earth's circumference accurately in ancient Egypt.

Islamic Golden Age

Cultural and scientific flourishing from 8th to 14th century.

Renaissance Humanism

Nature viewed as spiritual, not governed by laws.

Copernicus

Proposed heliocentric model of the universe.

Gutenberg

Inventor of the movable-type printing press.

Al-Khwarizmi

Persian mathematician known as the father of algebra.

Ibn Sina

Wrote 'The Canon of Medicine' in Persia.

Alhazen

Pioneer of optics and the scientific method.

Four Great Inventions

Papermaking, printing, gunpowder, and compass from China.

Age of Reason

Emphasized reason over superstition in the Enlightenment.

Chinese Compass

Used lodestone on bronze plate for navigation.

Galileo Galilei

Key figure in the Scientific Revolution, Italian astronomer.

Johannes Kepler

Formulated laws of planetary motion in the 17th century.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Mathematician and philosopher, co-inventor of calculus.

House of Wisdom

Baghdad center for translation of classical works.

Block Printing

Technique that spread from China to the West.

Scientific Inquiry

Exploration in fields like chemistry and botany.

Communications Revolution

Printing's impact compared to invention of writing.

1467 Wooden Press

Introduced printing technology to Italy.

Six Million Books

Total printed by presses in Europe by 1500.

Cultural Flourishing

Period of significant growth in Islamic science.

Papermaking in Spain

Introduced by Arabs from China in the 12th century.

Flemish Technique

Origin of new printer's ink for printing.

Scientific Texts Rediscovery

Accelerated after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Printing

Democratized learning and spread ideas faster.

Isaac Newton

Published 'Principia Mathematica' in 1686.

Scientific Renaissance

Coined by Marie Boas Hall (1450-1630).

John Locke

Authored 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' in 1689.

Industrial Revolution

Period of industrial growth from 1760 to 1840.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Computers that mimic human thinking and reasoning.

Close Observation

Careful generalization for practical utilization.

James Watt

Improved steam engine in 1769, boosting industry.

Virtual Reality (VR)

Immersive digital experiences using VR headsets.

Augmented Reality (AR)

Merges digital and physical worlds.

Science of Metallurgy

Tailoring alloy steels for industrial specifications.

Biotechnology

Develops new pharmaceuticals and efficient materials.

Science of Chemistry

Creation of new substances like aniline dyes.

Energy Sources

Includes coal, steam, electricity, petroleum.

3D Printing

Manufacturing parts quickly and cost-effectively.

Robotics

Design and use of robots for various applications.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Everyday items connected to the internet.

Energy Capture

Technologies for renewable energy storage and transmission.