MEDICATIONS, VACCINES, AND DISEASES

COVID-19

What pandemic was successfully managed in Bhutan through immediate response, quick decision-making, and stakeholder collaboration?

Tuberculosis

Paul Farmer focused on vulnerable groups with syndemic problems and health issues related to this disease, questioning access to resistant drugs versus DOTS.

Alzheimer’s disease

Pain and suffering from this disorder are not limited to the individual sufferer but extend to the family and social network.

Orphan diseases

Drugs for the treatment of these rare diseases are very expensive because they do not fit the economies of scale.

Mental health issue

This type of health issue, though being reduced, still exists as a stigmatized illness through social construction.

Chronic malnutrition

Poverty and this condition are risks that are effects of occupational toxins, environmental degradation, and violent crimes.

Tobacco use

Health behavior changes in the 1960s offered hope in reducing preventable deaths from this specific habit, reducing its prevalence from 42% to 20% in 20 years.

Sedentary lifestyle

This unhealthy lifestyle, along with unhealthy diet and tobacco use, was targeted by health behavior modification efforts to reduce preventable deaths.

Childhood obesity

Unhealthy diet is associated with this health issue, which health behavior modification aims to address.

Alcohol and drug use

Reducing preventable deaths from these substances was an early success of health behavior modification.

AIDS

Prevention efforts for this disease, including safe sex, are major health challenges that still persist.

Gun violence

This is the second leading cause of fatal injury in the United States, responsible for 80 deaths daily.

Twin pregnancies

Japan has seen an increase in multiple birth rates among women 35-39 years old since the 70s, leading to specialized care needs for this type of pregnancy.

HIV infection

Re-emergence of this infection and syphilis among men who have sex with men is a societal issue mentioned for behavioral change and collaboration.

Syphilis

The re-emergence of this disease, alongside HIV infection, among men who have sex with men, highlights societal issues requiring behavioral change.

Asthma

This disease can be seen outside of the workplace but can be triggered by exposures in the workplace, making it an example of a work-related disease.

Human trafficking

An integrated theoretical framework has been developed to describe this issue involving young women and girls for involuntary prostitution.

Occupational injuries

The Philippines reported a total of 138,139 cases of these from 2015-2019, with the majority coming from the manufacturing sector.

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis

This occupational disease is exclusive to miners and cannot be developed outside the mining industry.

Asbestosis

This occupational disease is caused by exposure to asbestos fibers.

Bagassosis

This airborne occupational disease results from inhaling fibers from sugar cane processing.

Occupational asthma

This disease can be triggered by workplace exposures but is not exclusive to the workplace, making it an example of a work-related disease.

Musculoskeletal disorders

Proper computer ergonomics, such as correct monitor and seating position, are recommended to prevent these disorders, including back and neck pain.

Septal perforation

This condition, characterized by painless ulceration of the nasal mucosa and septum, can result from chronic exposure to aerosolized chrome.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

This severe skin reaction can occur from exposure to certain chemicals in the workplace, in addition to being caused by certain drugs.

Acute hearing damage

Loud noise, such as blasts between 140-160 dB, can directly cause this type of damage to the eardrum.

Chronic hearing damage

Prolonged exposure to unprotected noise levels above 85 dB for 8 hours can lead to the eventual development of this type of hearing impairment.

Temporary threshold shift (auditory fatigue)

This is a temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to loud noise, with recovery expected within 16-48 hours.

Permanent threshold shift

This is an irreversible loss of hearing characterized by difficulty understanding spoken words, muffled familiar sounds, and frequent tinnitus.

Occupational hearing loss

Continuous exposure to noise levels above 85 dB for 8 hours can definitely cause this condition.

Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS)

This medical condition, caused by segmental vibration from tools like grinders, is characterized by tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers, and pain.

Degenerative spinal changes

This condition is seen in heavy equipment operators and bus/truck drivers, caused by whole-body vibration.

Gastrointestinal disturbances

This type of disturbance can be caused by whole-body vibration experienced by heavy equipment operators.

Muscular and joint disorders

Whole-body vibration, common in drivers, can lead to these physical ailments.

Headaches

Inappropriate illumination in the workplace can cause this common complaint, along with visual fatigue.

Visual fatigue

Poor lighting levels in a work environment can result in this eye-related complaint.

Double vision

This symptom, along with painful irritation and lacrimation, can be a result of inappropriate illumination.

Painful irritation

Inadequate lighting can lead to this complaint in the eyes, affecting worker comfort.

Lacrimation

Excessive tearing of the eyes can be a result of inappropriate illumination levels.

Conjunctivitis

This inflammation of the conjunctiva can be a complaint associated with poor workplace illumination.

Diarrhea outbreak

After Typhoon Odette in Siargao, this public health issue, including 7 deaths, occurred in General Luna due to contaminated water sources.

Stress disorders

Increased cases of these disorders were observed in Siargao after Typhoon Odette, highlighting the need for mental health psychosocial services.

Maternal mortality

With 108 deaths per 100,000 live births, this remains a key challenge in the Philippines, with hemorrhage and hypertension as leading causes.

Under-5 mortality rate

In 2017, the Philippines had 27 deaths per 1000 live births for this age group, showing a decreasing trend but large disparities between income groups.

Newborn mortality

Deaths in the first 28 days of life constitute a major part of under-five mortality, often caused by low birth weight and prematurity.

Low birth weight

This, along with prematurity, is an immediate and underlying cause of newborn mortality.

Prematurity

As an immediate and underlying cause, this contributes significantly to newborn mortality.

Stunting

Impaired growth and development in children, defined as height-for-age more than 2 standard deviations below the WHO median, resulting from poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation.

Wasting

This condition in children aged 0-5 years was declining, but the COVID-19 pandemic and recurrence of disasters could increase its prevalence by 14.3%.

Adolescent pregnancy

9% of women aged 15-19 in the Philippines have begun childbearing, with some Mindanao provinces showing rates of 15-18%.

Injury-related causes of death and disabilities

These causes are increased for children aged 5-19 years old, particularly school-going children, with the highest rates related to road traffic injuries.

Mental retardation

Republic Act 9288 aims to spare newborns from heritable conditions that could lead to this outcome if left undetected and untreated.

Congenital endocrine and metabolic disorders

The Newborn Screening Program aims to screen all Filipino newborns for these life-threatening conditions by 2025.

Congenital Hypothyroidism

This is one of the six basic conditions included in the Newborn Screening Program.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

This is one of the six basic conditions included in the Newborn Screening Program.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

This is one of the six basic conditions included in the Newborn Screening Program.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD)

This is one of the six basic conditions included in the Newborn Screening Program.

Galactosemia

This is one of the six basic conditions included in the Newborn Screening Program.

Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)

Added in 2012, this is one of the six basic conditions screened in the Newborn Screening Program.

Amino Acid Disorders

The Expanded Newborn Screening (2014) includes two of these disorders.

Organic Acid Disorders

Six of these disorders are part of the Expanded Newborn Screening panel.

Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders

The Expanded Newborn Screening includes eight of these disorders.

Urea Cycle Disorders

Two of these disorders are part of the Expanded Newborn Screening panel.

Hemoglobinopathies

Six of these disorders are included in the Expanded Newborn Screening.

Cystic Fibrosis

This condition is part of the Expanded Newborn Screening panel.

Biotinidase Deficiency

This condition is part of the Expanded Newborn Screening panel.

Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs)

The National Immunization Program's goal is to reduce morbidity and mortality among children against the most common of these diseases.

Polio

The NIP aims to sustain the polio-free status of the Philippines, despite an outbreak in 2019.

Measles

The NIP aims to eliminate this very contagious disease, which causes outbreaks every 3-4 years in the Philippines due to low coverage.

Maternal and neonatal tetanus

The Philippines was declared free of this disease in 2017, but the NIP aims to maintain this elimination status.

Diphtheria

The NIP aims to control this disease, along with pertussis, hepatitis B, and German measles.

Pertussis

The NIP aims to control this disease, also known as whooping cough.

Hepatitis B

The NIP aims to control this disease and prevent its transmission to newborns by administering a vaccine within 24 hours of birth.

German measles (Rubella)

The NIP aims to control this disease, and an MR vaccine is given to Grade 1 and 7 pupils.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

The NIP aims to prevent this specific form of tuberculosis among children using the BCG vaccine.

Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)

The Philippine Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition provides quality treatment for children suffering from this most severe form of undernutrition.

Micronutrient deficiencies

The PPAN 2017-2022 aims to reduce the prevalence of these deficiencies through supplementation and nutrition programs.

Overweight and obesity

The PPAN 2017-2022 aims to improve the situation of these conditions through prevention and management programs.

Malaria

Children in endemic areas for this disease are recommended to sleep under insecticide-treated mosquito nets as part of child care.

Cervical cancer

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is given to 9-14 year old females for the prevention of this type of cancer.

Pneumonia

The Pneumococcal Vaccine is administered to senior citizens (60 years old and above) to prevent this disease.

Diabetes

High rates of this disease and end-stage renal disease are examples of complex health problems requiring policy intervention.

End-stage renal disease

High rates of this disease, along with diabetes, exemplify complex health problems addressed by policy.

Breast cancer

Mammography screening is a public health method used to detect this cancer at an early, treatable stage.

Cervical cancer

Pap smear is a public health screening method used to detect precancerous changes in the cervix to prevent this cancer.

Heart disease

Cholesterol screening for adults assesses the risk of this condition.

Genetic and metabolic disorders

Newborn screening tests for a variety of these disorders shortly after birth.

HIV

Encouraging individuals to get tested for this virus is a public health screening example to detect it early and access care.

Hypertension

Blood pressure checks are a public health screening example for this condition.

Fractures

Imaging scans are mentioned as a diagnostic tool for this type of injury.

Internal injuries

Imaging scans are used as a diagnostic tool for these types of injuries.

Primary hypothyroidism

ROC analysis for serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) can be used as a diagnostic test for this condition.

Smallpox

The eradication campaign for this deadly virus (1967-1980), led by WHO, is considered one of the greatest achievements in public health history.

Mpox

Vaccines for this disease are using similar technology to what was used during smallpox vaccinations.

Dengue

The development of a vaccine for this disease is challenging due to its four strains and the risk of hemorrhagic fevers during secondary infections.

Hemorrhagic fevers

The theory behind some dengue vaccinations suggests that vaccination without previous infection could increase the chance of these fevers during secondary infections.

Hip fracture

Under the DRG system, PhilHealth would cover this condition along with other multiple diseases in one confinement, unlike the RVU system.

Chronic heart failure

This is one of the multiple diseases a patient might have, which would be covered by PhilHealth under a DRG system, but not necessarily under the RVU system if another primary condition is identified.

Hepatitis C

Gilead Sciences tried to prevent India from manufacturing a generic line of sofosbuvir, an antiviral for this disease.

Lead exposure

This is a possible reason for low PSAT scores in high school, and a medicine for it could benefit the Philippines through VLAMs.