Period 1 APUSH review

How did Native American groups become so varied and DIVERSE?

Native Americans migrated over the vast continent of North America over time and developed distinct, complex societies by adapting to their diverse environments.

How did natives adapt to their environment?

They ADAPTED and TRANSFORMED their environments through innovations in agriculture (ex. maize), resource use, and social structure.

Impact of MAIZE cultivation (southwest)

Present day Mexico into the present American SOUTHWEST. Societies developed vast IRRIGATION systems. Led to LESS hunting & gathering, population increase, and PERMANENT villages (ex. Tenochtitlan which had social classes).

How natives adapted to the aridity and open grasslands of the GREAT PLAINS/GREAT BASIN.

Societies developed largely mobile lifestyles, mostly hunting & gathering. Introduction of HORSE altered life on plains, BISON hunting became easier. Natives hunted bison&sheep, horses made them more powerful.

How did natives in the NORTHEAST/Mississippi River valley/Atlantic seaboard adapt?

Many societies had MIXED agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies. Iroquois(matriarchal, burned forests to hunt and grow crops, villages built around maize). Cahokia (built giant mounds)

How did natives in the NORTHWEST and present day California adapt?

Hunted, gathered, and foraged. Some areas developed communities supported by the ocean. Chinooks (Northwest, warriors, used advanced fighting techniques, longhouses).

What were the effects of the COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE (contact among Europeans, Natives, and Africans)?

Significant SOCIAL, CULTURAL, and POLITICAL changes on BOTH sides of the Atlantic ocean. Revolutionized life on all 3 continents, had both POSITIVE and NEGATIVE effects.

How did EUROPES's expansion into the Western Hemisphere cause intense changes/competition within European societies?

Countries sought new sources of wealth, 3 G's, massive population growth (due to new food), new technologies, joint-stock companies.

What were the reasons for European Exploration?

New sources of WEALTH (GOLD&silver), economic&military competition(GLORY), spread Christianity (GOD)(Spanish Encomienda System, outposts throughout Americas to help convert Natives).

Impact of Columbian exchange in EUROPE/Asia.

Massive POPULATION GROWTH from new food; increase in WEALTH; DECREASE in feudalism, rise of CAPITALISM.

Impact of Columbian Exchange in AFRICA.

Spanish&Portuguese used Africans from WEST Africa to be used as slaves in America.

Impact of Columbian Exchange in AMERICA.

Spread of DISEASES (smallpox, measles); social classes (Mestizos); horses transformed Native life(made hunting easier); ENCOMIENDA system

What were some of the things that helped drive ECONOMICAL change in Europe&Americas.

Improvements in maritime technology(sextant--more precise sailing, caravel, compass,quadrant). JOINT-STOCK Companies (raised $ for explorations, used in JAMESTOWN (1607): Virginia Company).

What was the impact of Spanish Exploration/Conquest on the Americas?

DISEASES(smallpox, malaria-- killed as many as 90% of Natives in some areas bc they had no immunity) NEW CROPS/ANIMALS (horse-- transformed native life on great plains, crops-- wheat, rice, and sugar)

What was the ECOMIENDA SYSTEM?

Spanish colonies marshaled (arranged, assembled) Native American labor for plantations/agriculture, and to gain precious metals. EVENTUALLY REPLACED WITH AFRICAN SLAVE LABOR! (new laws of 1542 also outlawed the encomienda system).

How did Europeans acquire African Slaves?

Spanish & Portuguese traders acquired slaves from some WEST African groups to FORCIBLY extract labor on plantations & in mines for precious metals.

What was the CASTE system that the Spanish developed & incorporated to define the statuses of the people (Europeans, Africans, Native Americans) in their Empire?

Europeans were at the top. Then Mestizo (mixed European&Native) and Mulattoes (mixed European&African). Then Natives and Africans.

What were some of the MISUNDERSTANDINGS between European and Native American cultures?

Gender (native societies were MATRIARCHAL), Land (natives did not OWN individual land), Religion (natives believed in animism and were polytheistic)

What were some of the useful aspects of Native and European cultures that the other adapted?

Natives adapted European's TECHNOLOGY. Europeans adapted native's AGRICULTURE techniques.

What was the Native American resistance to European encroachment (intrusion on their lands)?

Tried to preserve political, economic, and religious AUTONOMY (independence, self-rule)-- both diplomatically and w/ military resistance.

Extended contact w/ Natives and Africans fostered debates among Europeans about how they should be treated. Who were some of the people who voiced their opinions on this?

JUAN DE SEPULVEDA-- advocated HARSH treatment of natives, claimed Christianity justified slavery for Natives.

BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS-- Said Natives deserved same treatment as other men, helped end Encomienda system, contributed to the "Black Legend".

What were some of the arguments used to subjugate (conquer) Africans and Natives?

Racism, religious (spreading Christianity), Natives & Africans seen as "barbaric"

What was the bigger impact of the Columbian exchange (not just food)?

Increase in world TRADE, permanently CONNECTING two hemispheres.