Biochemistry - Lab Total Protein, Albumin, FBS, Chole

C. peptide bonds

The Biuret test approximates the amount of protein in the serum by quantifying which of the following?

A. amino acids                                               

B. amino groups                                

C. peptide bonds

D. R-groups

C. globulin

Which serum protein component is precipitated when 23% sodium sulfate is introduced to the sample?

A. albumin

B. fibrinogen

C. globulin

D. hemoglobin

C. Transferrin

Along with albumin, which of the following plasma proteins is/are typically decreased during acute inflammation?

A. Fibrinogen

B. Ferritin

C. Transferrin

D. Immunoglobulins

B. Acetate

Which of the following is the end-product of ethanol metabolism?

A. Acetaldehyde

B. Acetate

C. Alcohol

D. Acetone

B. Multiple myeloma

Which of the following conditions typically presents with a decreased A:G ratio associated with significantly increased globulin fraction while albumin may be slightly decreased or unchanged?

A. Malnutrition

B. Multiple myeloma

C. Liver cirrhosis

D. Severe combined immunodeficiency

A. AST and ALT

Derangement of which of the following laboratory parameters BEST reflects damage to hepatocyte integrity RATHER than impaired hepatic synthetic function?

A. AST and ALT

B. Albumin

C. Ammonia

D. PT and aPTT

D. End-stage liver disease

In which of the following conditions will a patient most likely present with BOTH direct and indirect hyperbilirubinemia?

A. Massive hemolysis

B. Nephrotic syndrome

C. Choledocholithiasis

D. End-stage liver disease

C. It allows the production of a colored compound whose absorbance can be measured

What is the role of the peroxidase enzyme in the glucose oxidase method for blood glucose determination?

A. It oxidizes glucose allowing it to be quantified

B. It produces hydrogen peroxide which then is measured

C. It allows the production of a colored compound whose absorbance can be measured

D. It produces gluconic acid which is measured to approximate the glucose content of the sample

C. ≥ 126 mg/dL

The diagnostic criterion for diabetes mellitus according to the American Diabetes Association includes a fasting blood glucose level of?

A. ≥ 100 mg/dL

B. ≥ 110 mg/dL

C. ≥ 126 mg/dL

D. ≥ 200 mg/dL

C. Osmotic diuresis from the elevated blood glucose levels

Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying mechanism of polyuria in a patient suspected to have type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A. Increased levels of insulin leading to glucosuria

B. Impaired renal function due to diabetic kidney disease

C. Osmotic diuresis from the elevated blood glucose levels

D. Increased release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in response to hyperglycemia

B. Glucagonoma

A 40-year-old man with unexplained and unremitting hyperglycemia is eventually diagnosed with a tumor in the pancreatic body. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Insulinoma

B. Glucagonoma

C. Acromegaly

D. Pheochromocytoma

D. OGTT

Which of the following diagnostic tests can assess the ability of incretins such as GIP and GLP-1 to promote insulin secretion?

A. Fasting blood glucose

B. HbA1c

C. Random plasma glucose

D. OGTT

B. High

A 50-year-old male has a total cholesterol level of 265 mg/dL. How should this result be interpreted?

A. Normal

B. High

C. Borderline high

D. Low

A. Atherosclerosis

In a patient where hepatic receptors are unable to bind Apolipoprotein B, a patient is at risk to develop earlier progression of:

A. Atherosclerosis

B. Fatty liver

C. Type 2 DM

D. Alzheimer disease

C. Low serum HDL

Which of the following lipid profile findings is MOST characteristic of diabetic individuals or those with metabolic syndrome?

A. High total serum cholesterol

B. High serum LDL

C. Low serum HDL

D. Low serum VLDL

A. albumin only

Which protein component/s form/s part of the solution after 23% sodium sulfate was introduced?

A. albumin only

B. globulin only

C. albumin and globulin

D. albumin, globulin and fibrinogen

B. Amino acids

Increased plasma concentrations of which of the following will have the LEAST effect on total serum protein measurements?

A. Ferritin

B. Amino acids

C. Antibodies

D. Albumin

C. Urea

3. Hepatic encephalopathy is a fatal complication that arises from impaired hepatic synthesis of which of the following?

A. Ammonia

B. Glucose

C. Urea

D. Albumin

C. NADPH

The following substances are products and by-products of ethanol metabolism EXCEPT for?

A. Acetaldehyde

B. NADH

C. NADPH

D. Acetate

D. Severe combined immunodeficiency

Which of the following conditions typically presents with an increased A:G ratio associated with significantly decreased globulin fraction while albumin remains unchanged?

A. Malnutrition

B. Multiple myeloma

C. Liver cirrhosis

D. Severe combined immunodeficiency

D. Prolonged prothrombin time

Which of the following laboratory findings BEST reflects an impairment in the hepatocyte’s synthetic function?

A. Elevated AST and ALT levels

B. Elevated Alkaline phosphatase

C. Increased direct bilirubin

D. Prolonged prothrombin time

D. Hereditary spherocytosis

Which of the following conditions, when left untreated, will most likely present as jaundice associated with predominantly indirect hyperbilirubinemia?

A. Pancreatic head cancer

B. Kwashiorkor

C. Choledocholithiasis

D. Hereditary spherocytosis

A. Normal

A 50-year-old male has a total cholesterol level of 185 mg/dL. How should this result be interpreted?

A. Normal

B. High

C. Borderline high

D. Low

B. Diabetes mellitus

An inborn defect leading to decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase is MOST strongly associated with recurrent pancreatitis and which of the following complications?

A. Stroke

B. Diabetes mellitus

C. Progressive dementia

D. Liver cirrhosis

B. High serum LDL

Which of the following lipid profile findings is MOST strongly associated with progression of atherosclerosis?

A. High total serum cholesterol

B. High serum LDL

C. Low serum HDL

D. Low serum VLDL

B. It is the product of an enzymatic reaction allowing it to be measured

(C. It reacts with a chromogen producing a compound whose absorbance is then measured)

What is the role of hydrogen peroxide in the glucose oxidase method for blood glucose determination?

A. It reacts with glucose allowing it to be quantified

B. It is the product of an enzymatic reaction allowing it to be measured

C. It reacts with a chromogen producing a compound whose absorbance is then measured

D. It reacts with gluconic acid which is measured to approximate the glucose content of the sample

D. ≥ 200 mg/dL

The diagnostic criterion for diabetes mellitus according to the American Diabetes Association includes a random blood glucose level of?

A. ≥ 100 mg/dL

B. ≥ 110 mg/dL

C. ≥ 126 mg/dL

D. ≥ 200 mg/dL

D. Hyperosmolarity of the blood stimulates thirst centers in the brain

Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying mechanism of polydipsia (excessive thirst) in a patient suspected to have type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A. Hyperglycemia has no role in polydipsia

B. Elevated glucose levels causing fluid retention

C. Hypoperfusion of the kidneys due to high levels of glucose

D. Hyperosmolarity of the blood stimulates thirst centers in the brain

A. It is expensive and cumbersome

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using OGTT in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?

A. It is expensive and cumbersome

B. It is generally not as accurate as the other tests

C. It leads to false-positives among anemic patients or those with hemoglobinopathies

D. It is not useful in diagnosing gestational diabetes among pregnant individuals

A. Insulinoma

A 40-year-old man with recurrent episodes of dizziness and diaphoresis. He is eventually diagnosed with a tumor in the pancreatic tail. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Insulinoma

B. Glucagonoma

C. Acromegaly

D. Pheochromocytoma

Two peptide bonds

What is required for the Biuret reaction to detect proteins?

No

Will a dipeptide be detected by the Biuret reagent?

Presence of peptide

What does the biuret reagent detect?

Known reference

What is the purpose of a standard?

Baseline

What role does the reagent blank play in experiments?

Removes non-protein contaminants

Why is diethyl ether used in protein extraction?

Sodium sulfate

In protein precipitation, it acts as a salting-out agent, reducing the solubility of globulin and aiding in protein isolation.

Plasma

Plasma or Serum: Contains fibrinogen

Serum

Plasma or Serum: Minus fibrinogen

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Fibrinogen contributes additional peptide bonds for Cu²⁺ binding.

Decreased

Increased or Decreased A/G ratio: Low albumin, Increased globulin, Both albumin decrease and globulin increase

Hypoalbuminemia

The following are the causes of what: Nephrotic syndrome, Liver cirrhosis, Severe burns, Malnutrition, Sepsis, Elderly metabolic decline, Malabsorption syndromes

Albumin

It is a marker for long-term nutritional status.

Prealbumin

It is a better marker for acute nutritional changes due to its shorter half-life (~2 days).

Inflammation

In this symptom, both albumin and prealbumin levels decrease due to increased vascular permeability, reduced hepatic synthesis, and increased protein breakdown.

CRP (C-reactive protein)

It is a positive acute-phase reactant that increases during inflammation.

Zinc

This is required for the Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme’s function.

Increased direct bilirubin levels

Damaged liver cells leaking bilirubin and obstructed bile ducts.

Increase indirect bilirubin

Gilbert syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, or excessive hemolysis.

Urea Cycle

Detoxifying ammonia by converting it into urea for excretion.

Urea cycle dysfunction

Hyperammonemia, which can cause encephalopathy and coma results from?

≥ 126 mg/dL

What are the diagnostic glucose ranges for diabetes in Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)?

≥ 200 mg/dL

What are the diagnostic glucose ranges for diabetes in Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?

≥ 200 mg/dL

What are the diagnostic glucose ranges for diabetes in Random Blood Sugar (RBS)?

≥ 6.5%

What are the diagnostic glucose ranges for diabetes in HbA1c?

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Which glucose test is best for detecting postprandial hyperglycemia?

Glucagon, Epinephrine, Cortisol, Growth Hormone

What hormones increase blood glucose?

Insulin

What hormone lowers blood glucose?

Liver Cirrhosis

What condition is indicated by jaundice, hepatomegaly, and ascites in a heavy drinker?

Globulin

Which protein precipitates first in total serum protein?

Micelle

What structure does ether form around globulin?

Transthyretin (TTR)

Prealbumin's alternate name?

Vitamin A

What vitamin does TTR transport?

Albumin

Which acute-phase reactant decreases in SIRS?

CRP

Which acute-phase reactant increases?

Ferritin

Which protein sequesters iron?

Transferrin

Which protein transports iron?

M spike

What abnormal pattern appears in SPEP?

No

Does multiple myeloma increase albumin?

Immunodeficiency

What immune condition lowers globulin?

Dehydration, diarrhea

Which common conditions increase albumin ratio?

Alcohol dehydrogenase

What enzyme metabolizes ethanol?

MEOS

Which pathway produces ROS?

Jaundice

What condition arises from liver bilirubin leakage?

Ammonia

What toxic compound accumulates in urea cycle dysfunction?

OTC Deficiency

Most common urea cycle disorder?

Gilbert Syndrome

Which condition involves mild jaundice from stress?

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome

Which condition has a dark liver?

Glucose oxidase

What enzyme oxidizes glucose?

O-Dianisidine

What reagent detects glucose by color change?

Cellular starvation

What causes polyphagia?

Hyperosmolarity

What causes polydipsia?

Osmotic diuresis

What causes polyuria?