BIOL121 Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing vocabulary from BIOL121 lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of form, shape, and structure.

Physiology

How the body works and the function of body parts.

Solids

Compact, definite shape and volume (e.g., bones, teeth).

Liquids

Definite volume, assumes container's shape (e.g., blood, plasma).

Gases

No definite shape or volume (e.g., oxygen).

Oxygen

Part of water and many organic molecules, needed for ATP generation.

Carbon

Forms backbone of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids).

Hydrogen

Constituent of water and organic molecules; ionized form affects acidity.

Nitrogen

Component of all proteins and nucleic acids.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the atom.

Mass Number

Sum of protons and neutrons in the atom.

Isotopes

Atoms with different numbers of neutrons.

Ion

Atom that has gained or lost an electron.

Molecule

Two or more atoms sharing electrons via bonding.

Compound

Substance with atoms of two or more different elements.

Free Radical

Atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell.

Anion

Atom that has lost an electron, becomes positive.

Cation

Atom that has gained an electron, becomes negative.

Cytology

Study of cells.

Histology

Study of tissues.

Endocrine Glands

Secrete hormones into the body.

Exocrine Glands

Secrete tears, sweat, wax, and oils.

Mucous Membrane

Membranes are coated with the secretions of mucous glands and line the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.

Serous Membrane

Membranes line the ventral body cavities (the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial membranes) with parietal and visceral layers.

Cutaneous Membrane

The membrane, or skin, covers the outer surface of the body.

Synovial Membrane

Membranes line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint.

Homeostasis

The bodies ability to maintain a stable environment within a narrow preset range, relative to a variable external environment.

Receptor

Receives the information or the stimulus from the surrounding environment and passes this information onto the control centre

Control centre

Sets the range of values, evaluates the incoming info, determines the next action and conveys output to the effector.

Effector

Receives the order from the control centre and carries out the work or carries out the change.

Negative Feedback

Opposes the initial stimulus to reverse the change.

Positive Feedback

Strengthens or enhances the stimulus to produce an even greater, amplified change.

Squamous

Flat

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms.

Sterilisation

killing or removal of all traces

Disinfectant

Reduction of bacteria to a safe level.

Pathogen

The cause of disease.

Virulence

the degree of pathogenicity (the ability to cause disease)

Endogenous

Caused by microbes already on the body.

Exogenous

Caused by microbes derived from outside of the body.

Epidermis

Outer Layer of Skin

Dermis

Deep to the epidermis. Makes up the bulk of the skin.

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous layer of fat underneath the skin

Melanin

Pigments made in the skin.

Carotene

Yellowish/orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum and fatty tissues of the hypodermis.

Haemoglobin

Red pigment of blood and gives fair skinned people a ‘pinkish hue’.

Lymph system

Drains excess fluid and proteins from all the tissues back to the blood circulation.

Immune Cells

Includes lymphocytes (the major cells);

Lymph Fluid

The fluid connective tissue

Lacteals

The lymphatic capillaries in intestinal villi

Lymphatic

Tissue dominated by lymphocytes with nondistinctive borders.

Red Bone Marrow

Are located in flat bones and at the end of long bones.

Lymph nodes

Occur along the lymphatic vessels and multiply the lymphocytes.

Spleen

Occurs between the stomach and the diaphragm

Antigen

A substance capable of inducing the production of antibodies

Non Specific (Innate)Body Defences

A general defence and attack on all antigens.

Specific Immunity

Each B cell or T cell is programmed to act against one invader only.

IgM

First ones to be made and will attack.

IgG

Memory B cells make versions of IgM and can cross placenta to protect the fetus.

IgA

Found in mucosal areas, saliva, tears and breast milk.

IgE

Triggers histamine release in allergic reactions.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that helps to transmit messages

Myelin Sheath

Made by glial cell and electrically insulate the axon

Saltatory conduction

To hop or leap

Synapse or the Synaptic Gap

The gap between the synaptic terminal and the post synaptic cell.

Action Potential

An action potential is a change in resting membrane potential.

Grey matter

Outer layers of the lining

White matter

Inner area of the lining

Frontal Lobe

Intellect, Cognition, Personality, Conscience & Broca’s Area

Temporal Lobe

Auditory and Olfactory, Wernicke’s area

Parietal Lobe

Touch - Pain and pressure, Taste, Temperature

Occipital Lobe

Visual Processing

Brain Stem

Regulation of Vital Functions

autonomous nervous system (ANS)

Operates without conscious control (involuntary).

Sympathetic Ganglia

Found close to the spinal chord in the Thoracolumbar area.

Parasympathetic Ganglia

Found way out from the spine, near or even insider their effector organs.

Agonist

it is doing the same job as our own endogenous nervous transmitter response.

Antagonist

Binds and blocks.

Tendons

Attach muscles to bone

Ligaments

Attaches bone to bone

Red Bone Marrow

Produces blood cells

Compact Bone

Composed of Strong compact columns called osteons

Spongy Bone

Distributes stress and contains crisscross beams called trabeculae

Structural Bones

Small irregular shaped bones found in the skull

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts

Wolff’s Law

Bone is laid down where it is needed and removed where it is not

Calcitonin

Is released when blood calcium levels increase

Parathyrod Hormone

Is released when blood calcium levels decrease

Articulation

A joint or articulation where two or more bones meet

Cartilaginous Joints

Also known as amphiarthrosis

Ball and Socket Joints

Most freely movable joint (multi axial)

Synovial Joints

These are the most freely movable joints, they make up the majority of joints.

Flexion

Decrease the angle between two bones

Adduction

The movement of limbs toward the bodies midline

Agonist

The muscle that causes a movement to occur through their own activation.

Antagonist

The muscles that produce the opposing joint torque to the agonist muscle.

Skeletal

Contractions shorten the muscle and relaxation lengthens the muscle

Smooth

Involuntary control

Hypertrophy

Increased use and results in the increase of tissue size and the increase in the size of the cells.

Hyperplasia

Is the increase tissue size but is characterised by an increase in cell numbers.