pharm ana - intro to analysis; normality, molarity, molality; mw, ew, meq

analytical chemistry

the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter

analytical chemistry

the art and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists

analytical chemistry

it studies and uses instruments and methods used to separate, identify, and quantify matter

routine procedure

to be a successful analyst, the student must realize that analytical chemistry is not just simple ________________________

manipulative skill

________________ acquired by

fundamental knowledge, practical ability

acquisition of __________________________ of the theory as well as __________________ in the application of analytical method

taking place

analysts must know what reactions are ________________ during an analysis

medicaments

mean of controlling the purity and strength of substances used as ________________ should be considered

slight loss, gain

all quantitative work must be performed without a _____________ of material or __________ of extraneous matter

covered

all solutions and precipitates should be ___________ to protect them from dust

indispensable

every particle of sample, solution, or precipitate must be regarded as _____________________ to the ultimate success of an analyst

absolute integrity

is demanded of every quantitative analyst

discontinued, start

when confidence is lost, operations should be _______________, and a new ________ made

two

at least ________ determinations of analytical value are required

accuracy

closeness of measurement to its true/accepted value

accuracy

systematic or determinate errors

precision

agreement between two or more measurements of a sample

precision

random or indeterminate errors

systematic or determinate errors

errors that are reproducible, can be discovered and corrected

instrument, method, personal

systematic errors can include these 3 kinds

instrument errors

errors that involve failure to calibrate, degradation of parts, power fluctuations, variation in temperature; can be corrected by calibration or proper instrumentation maintenance

method errors

errors that involve no ideal physical/chemical behavior, completeness and speed of reaction, interfering side reactions, sampling problems

method errors

errors that can be corrected with proper method development

personal errors

errors that involve judgment, result from prejudice, color acuity problems

personal errors

errors that can be minimized/eliminated with proper training and experience

analysis of standard samples, independent analysis, blank determination, variation in sample size

4 methods of detecting systematic errors

random or indeterminate errors

errors that are caused by uncontrollable variables, ultimate limitation on the determination of a quantity

statistics

random errors can be evaluated using this

molecular weight

the mass of one mole of a substance

g/mol

unit of measurement for molecular weight

1

atomic weight of hydrogen

4

atomic weight of helium

12

atomic weight of carbon

14

atomic weight of nitrogen

16

atomic weight of oxygen

23

atomic weight of sodium

24

atomic weight of magnesium

27

atomic weight of aluminum

28

atomic weight of silicon

31

atomic weight of phosphorus

32

atomic weight of sulfur

35

atomic weight of chlorine

39

atomic weight of potassium

40

atomic weight of calcium

56

atomic weight of iron

64

atomic weight of copper

65

atomic weight of zinc

equivalent weight

the mass of one equivalent, that is the mass of a given substance which will combine with or displace a fixed quantity of another substance

MW/# of H, OH, total valence of cation

formula for Eq. Wt

milliequivalent

measures the chemical combining activity of an electrolyte in solution

milliequivalent

considers the total number of ions in a solution and the valence of the ions

mg/MW x valence

formula for meq

(mEq x MW)/valence

formula for mg

(mEq/mL x MW)/valence

formula for mg/mL

mg/mW

formula for mmol

1

valence of Na+

1

valence of K+

1

valence of Cl-

1

valence of HCO3-

2

valence of Mg2+

2

valence of Ca2+

2

valence of SO42-

2

valence of CO32-

3

valence of Al3+

3

valence of Fe3+

3

valence of C6H5O73-

Na+

formula for sodium ion

K+

formula for potassium ion

Cl-

formula for chloride ion

HCO3-

formula for bicarbonate ion

Mg2+

formula for magnesium ion

Ca2+

formula for calcium ion

SO4 2-

formula for sulfate

CO3 2-

formula for carbonate

Al3+

formula for aluminum ion

Fe3+

formula for ferric

C6H5O7 3-

formula for citrate

CaCO3

formula for calcium carbonate

NaC2H3O2

formula for sodium acetate

MgSO4

formula for magnesium sulfate

CaCl2

formula for calcium chloride

NaOH

formula for sodium hydroxide

caustic soda

other name for sodium hydroxide

KOH

formula for potassium hydroxide

caustic potash

other name for potassium hydroxide

NH4OH

formula for ammonium hydroxide

ammonia solution

other name for ammonium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2

formula for calcium hydroxide

slaked lime

other name for calcium hydroxide

Mg(OH)2

formula for magnesium hydroxide

milk of magnesia

other name for magnesium hydroxide

Al(OH)3

Formula for aluminum hydroxide

H2SO4

formula for sulfuric acid

battery acid

other name for sulfuric acid

HNO3

formula for nitric acid

H3PO4

formula for phosphoric acid

HCl

formula for hydrochloric acid

CH3COOH

formula for acetic acid

H2CO3

formula for carbonic acid

NaCl

formula for sodium chloride