Cell Biology and Tissue Structures (1st SEM GEN BIOLOGY)

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
GameKnowt Play
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/164

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

A comprehensive set of vocabulary-style flashcards covering cell theory, cell structure, organelles, tissues, organ systems, cell cycle, meiosis, genetics, and cellular transport as presented in the lecture notes.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

165 Terms

1
New cards

Cell Theory

The fundamental idea that all living things are composed of cells, and that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.

2
New cards

Prokaryotic Cell

Simple cell type without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; includes bacteria and archaea.

3
New cards

Eukaryotic Cell

More complex cell type with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

4
New cards

Hans Janssen

Father-and-son who created the first compound microscope around 1590.

5
New cards

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Inventor of a powerful microscope and the first to observe live cells and microbes; called the Father of Microbiology.

6
New cards

Robert Hooke

Scientist who coined the term 'cell' after observing cork cells in Micrographia (1665).

7
New cards

Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)

Hypothesis that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter; repeatedly tested and challenged by experiments in the 17th–19th centuries.

8
New cards

Needham

Experiment that seemingly supported spontaneous generation by boiling gravy without a seal.

9
New cards

Spallanzani

Experiment that challenged Needham by showing sealed flasks prevented microbial growth.

10
New cards

Louis Pasteur

Disproved spontaneous generation with curved-neck flask experiments showing air exposure prevents contamination when air cannot reach the broth.

11
New cards

Mitosis

Body cell division producing two genetically identical diploid daughter cells; part of cell division.

12
New cards

Meiosis

Sex cell division producing four haploid gametes with genetic variation.

13
New cards

Cellular Respiration

Metabolic process in mitochondria that converts nutrients into ATP (energy).

14
New cards

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy currency of the cell.

15
New cards

Photosynthesis

Process in chloroplasts that converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose and O2).

16
New cards

Mitochondria

Organelle that generates most of the cell’s ATP; contains its own DNA.

17
New cards

Chloroplast

Organelle in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll; has its own DNA.

18
New cards

Endosymbiotic Theory

Hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living bacteria incorporated into ancestral eukaryotic cells.

19
New cards

Ribosome

Small RNA-protein complexes that synthesize proteins; can be free-floating or attached to membranes.

20
New cards

Cytosol

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm where metabolic reactions occur.

21
New cards

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) that gives structure and aids movement.

22
New cards

Microfilament (Actin)

Thin protein filament involved in cell movement and muscle contraction.

23
New cards

Microtubule

Thick hollow tubes important for cell shape, transport, and separation during cell division.

24
New cards

Intermediate Filament

Fibrous proteins providing mechanical support for the cell.

25
New cards

Prokaryotic Cell Ultrastructure

Includes a cell wall (peptidoglycan), capsule, pili, nucleoid, plasmids, and lack of a true nucleus.

26
New cards

Nucleoid

Region in a prokaryote where the chromosome resides; not membrane-bound.

27
New cards

Capsule

Outer sticky layer in some bacteria that protects from drying and helps adhesion; can be antiphagocytic.

28
New cards

Pili / Fimbriae

Hair-like structures on bacteria for attachment; pili (longer) can transfer DNA during conjugation.

29
New cards

Flagellum

Long whip-like structure that enables bacterial movement; varies in arrangement (monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, peritrichous).

30
New cards

Nucleoid

Region containing most or all of the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell; not membrane-bound.

31
New cards

Plasmid

Small circular DNA molecule in bacteria, independent of chromosomal DNA and capable of replication.

32
New cards

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough vs Smooth)

Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and participates in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

33
New cards

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery to targeted destinations.

34
New cards

Lysosome

Spherical organelle with hydrolytic enzymes that digest biomolecules and cell waste; can drive apoptosis.

35
New cards

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking; a form of endocytosis where fluids are engulfed.

36
New cards

Phagocytosis

Cell eating; ingestion of large particles or cells.

37
New cards

Exocytosis

Process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.

38
New cards

Endocytosis

General process of taking materials into the cell via vesicle formation.

39
New cards

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a controlled mechanism to remove damaged or unnecessary cells.

40
New cards

Autophagy

Degradation and recycling of worn-out cellular components within lysosomes.

41
New cards

Glycosome

Membrane-bound microbody containing enzymes for glycolysis, typical in some cells.

42
New cards

Peroxisome

Organelle containing oxidative enzymes; detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) among other functions.

43
New cards

Nucleus

Membrane-bound organelle storing genetic material (DNA) and coordinating gene expression.

44
New cards

Nuclear Envelope/Membrane

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus with nuclear pores for transport.

45
New cards

Nucleolus

Nuclear region where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs.

46
New cards

Ribosome (Svedberg unit)

Ribosome is a molecular machine for protein synthesis; Svedberg (S) indicates size; ribosomes can be free or attached.

47
New cards

Plasma/Cell Membrane

Semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell, regulating entry/exit of substances.

48
New cards

Fluid Mosaic Model

Model describing the plasma membrane as a dynamic mosaic of lipids, proteins, and cholesterol.

49
New cards

Phospholipid Bilayer

Two-layer arrangement with hydrophilic heads facing water and hydrophobic tails inward.

50
New cards

Glycoprotein & Glycolipid

Proteins/lipids with carbohydrate chains needed for cell recognition and adhesion.

51
New cards

Cholesterol (in membrane)

Sterol that modulates membrane fluidity and stability.

52
New cards

Ribosome (Protein Synthesis)

Site of translation where mRNA is decoded to form polypeptides.

53
New cards

Cytosol vs Cytoplasm

Cytosol is the fluid inside the cell; cytoplasm includes cytosol plus organelles.

54
New cards

Cytoskeleton Components

Network of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that supports shape and movement.

55
New cards

Mitochondrial Cristae

Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for ATP production.

56
New cards

Chloroplast

Plant cell organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis; has own DNA.

57
New cards

Plasmodesmata

Channel through cell walls enabling transport and communication between plant cells.

58
New cards

Endosymbiotic Theory (revisited)

Theory that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent prokaryotes.

59
New cards

Centrosome

MTOC in animal cells, organizing microtubules for cell division.

60
New cards

Plant vs Animal Cell Organelles (overview)

Plants: chloroplasts, cell walls, vacuoles; Animals: lysosomes, centrioles; both have mitochondria, nucleus, ER, Golgi.

61
New cards

Meristematic Tissue

Plant tissue of actively dividing cells responsible for growth (apical, lateral, intercalary).

62
New cards

Apical Meristem

Meristem at tips of roots and shoots contributing to primary growth (length).

63
New cards

Lateral Meristem

Meristem responsible for growth in thickness (secondary growth) in some plants.

64
New cards

Intercalary Meristem

Meristem located at nodes in grasses, enabling rapid elongation.

65
New cards

Permanent Tissue

Tissues that have lost the ability to divide; specialized for specific functions.

66
New cards

Ground Tissue

Plant tissue involved in storage, photosynthesis, and support; includes parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma.

67
New cards

Dermal Tissue

Outer protective tissue of plants (epidermis and related structures).

68
New cards

Vascular Tissue

Transport tissue in plants consisting of xylem and phloem.

69
New cards

Parenchyma

Thin-walled, alive plant cells involved in storage and metabolism; main component of ground tissue.

70
New cards

Collenchyma

Flexible, living plant cells with thickened cell walls; provides support.

71
New cards

Sclerenchyma

Rigid, often dead plant cells with thick lignified walls; provides strength.

72
New cards

Xylem

Water- and mineral-conducting tissue in plants; includes tracheids and vessel elements.

73
New cards

Xylem Parenchyma

Living cells within xylem that store and help transport water.

74
New cards

Phloem

Food-transport tissue in plants; moves sugars from leaves to rest of plant.

75
New cards

Sieve Tube Element

Conductive cell in phloem that lacks nuclei; relies on companion cells.

76
New cards

Companion Cell

Supportive phloem cell that loads and unloads sugars into sieve elements.

77
New cards

Dermal Epidermal Cells

Outer protective cells forming the epidermis of plants.

78
New cards

Guard Cells & Stomata

Guard cells regulate stomata openings for gas exchange and water loss.

79
New cards

CAM Photosynthesis

Carbon fixation pathway in some plants; open stomata at night to reduce water loss.

80
New cards

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports, binds, and protects body parts; includes ECM, fibers, and ground substance.

81
New cards

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Network of proteins and polysaccharides outside cells providing structure and signaling.

82
New cards

Fibers (Collagen, Elastic, Reticular)

Protein fibers in ECM giving strength (collagen), elasticity (elastic), and filtration support (reticular).

83
New cards

Loose Connective Tissue

Relatively loosely arranged fibers with abundant ground substance; supports organs.

84
New cards

Dense Connective Tissue

Tightly packed collagen fibers; includes dense regular and dense irregular types.

85
New cards

Reticular Connective Tissue

Network of reticular fibers forming supportive stroma in organs like lymph nodes.

86
New cards

Bone Cells (Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts)

Osteoblasts build bone matrix, osteocytes maintain it, osteoclasts resorb bone.

87
New cards

Bone Types (Spongy vs Compact)

Spongy bone has trabeculae and is lighter; compact bone is dense and strong.

88
New cards

Blood Components

Plasma (fluid), RBCs (oxygen transport), WBCs (immunity), platelets (clotting).

89
New cards

Adipose Tissue (White vs Brown)

White stores energy as fat; brown specializes in heat production, especially in infants.

90
New cards

Muscle Tissue/Myoctye

Contractile tissue; muscle fibers (myocytes) enable movement.

91
New cards

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle attached to bones; organized into sarcomeres for contraction.

92
New cards

Cardiac Muscle & Intercalated Discs

Involuntary heart muscle with intercalated discs enabling synchronized contraction.

93
New cards

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in internal organs; non-striated and spindle-shaped.

94
New cards

Nervous Tissue

Tissue specialized for transmission of electrical impulses and coordination.

95
New cards

Neurons

Nerve cells that transmit signals; components include dendrites, axon, soma, and synapses.

96
New cards

Dendrite

Neuron branch that receives signals from other neurons.

97
New cards

Axon

Long projection that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body.

98
New cards

Myelin Sheath & Node of Ranvier

Myelin insulates axons to speed conduction; gaps (Nodes of Ranvier) enable saltatory conduction.

99
New cards

Synapse

Junction where a neuron communicates with another cell via neurotransmitters.

100
New cards

Glial Cells

Supportive cells that protect, nourish, and insulate neurons.