A&P Chapter 1 & 2 flashcards EXAM

Vocabulary flashcards generated from lecture notes covering key terms in human anatomy and physiology, including structural organization, directional terms, body cavities, homeostatic feedback loops, subatomic particles, and chemical bonding principles.

Anatomy

The structure of the human body.

Physiology

The function of the human body.

Metabolism

The collective chemical processes carried out by living organisms.

Systemic Anatomy

Gross anatomy dealing with individual organs.

Regional Anatomy

Gross anatomy dealing with body regions such as the head and neck.

Surface Anatomy

Gross anatomy dealing with skin markings.

Anatomic Position

Standing straight with palms facing front.

Anterior

Directional term meaning front.

Posterior

Directional term meaning back.

Medial

Directional term meaning middle or mid line.

Lateral

Directional term meaning sides.

Superficial

Directional term meaning outer layer of the body.

Deep

Directional term meaning under skin.

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the point of origin.

Distal

Directional term meaning away from point of origin.

Superior

Directional term meaning above.

Inferior

Directional term meaning below.

Sagittal Plane

A section dividing the body into Left + Right.

Frontal Plane

A section dividing the body into Front + back.

Transverse Plane

A section dividing the body into Above + Below.

Pleural Cavity

Surrounds the lungs and includes parietal and visceral pleural.

Pericardial Cavity

Surrounds the heart and includes parietal and visceral pericardium.

Peritoneal Cavity

Surrounds some abdominal organs, includes parietal and visceral peritoneal.

Homeostasis

The body's way of keeping the body balanced and irregular ranges through positive and negative feedback.

Negative Feedback

Feedback loop that goes against stimuli (Ex: your body is hot so you sweat).

Positive Feedback

Feedback loop that supports the body (Ex: contractions while giving birth).

Feedback Loops

Core principle where stimuli affects the body so we react to maintain homeostasis.

Structure and Function

Core principle stating the shape & appearance of a building or object should be determined primarily by its independent purpose.

Gradients

Core principle defined as more of something in one area than another (One Substance).

Cell-to-Cell Communication

Core principle where cells communicate with others to maintain homeostasis.

Proton

Positively charged subatomic particle that rests in the nucleus.

Neutron

Neutral/Uncharged particle residing in the nucleus that stops protons from repelling apart and stabilizes the nucleus.

Electron

Negatively charged particle located outside of the nucleus.

First Electron Shell

The electron shell that can hold $2$ electrons.

Second Electron Shell

The electron shell that can hold $8$ electrons.

Third Electron Shell

The electron shell that can hold $18$ electrons but is satisfied with $8$.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the atomic nucleus.

Mass Number

The sum of ALL protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus (Top Left #).

Isotopes

Atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons.

Radioisotopes

Unstable isotopes that release energy as radiation and form the basis for nuclear medicine.

Mixtures

Physical intermixing of atoms of $2$ or more elements where the chemical nature does NOT change and atoms may be physically separated.

Molecules

Combination of $2$ or more atoms by chemical means with different properties from original atoms that can only be separated by chemical means.

Suspensions

Liquid mixed with a solid where large particles are visible and settle out of the mixture.

Colloids

Liquid mixed with a solid where small solid particles are NOT visible so appear opaque and remain dispersed.

Solutions

Liquids (usually water) mixed with a solid, liquid, or gas where one substance dissolves (solute) in another (solvent) appearing translucent.

Valence Shell

The outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom.

Valence Electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell that determine how an atom will interact and bond with other atoms.

Octet Rule

States that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to have $8$ electrons in their valence (outermost) shell.

Ions

Charged atom resulting from gaining or losing an electron, so it is no longer neutral.

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed when electrons are transferred between metal atoms & non-metal atoms.

Cation

Positively charged ion.

Anion

Negatively charged ion.

Hydrophilic

Loves Water.

Hydrophobic

Hates Water.

Anatomy

The structure of the human body.

Physiology

The function of the human body.

Metabolism

The collective chemical processes carried out by living organisms.

Systemic Anatomy

Gross anatomy dealing with individual organs.

Regional Anatomy

Gross anatomy dealing with body regions such as the head and neck.

Surface Anatomy

Gross anatomy dealing with skin markings.

Anatomic Position

Standing straight with palms facing front.

Anterior

Directional term meaning front.

Posterior

Directional term meaning back.

Medial

Directional term meaning middle or mid line.

Lateral

Directional term meaning sides.

Superficial

Directional term meaning outer layer of the body.

Deep

Directional term meaning under skin.

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the point of origin.

Distal

Directional term meaning away from point of origin.

Superior

Directional term meaning above.

Inferior

Directional term meaning below.

Sagittal Plane

A section dividing the body into Left + Right.

Frontal Plane

A section dividing the body into Front + back.

Transverse Plane

A section dividing the body into Above + Below.

Pleural Cavity

Surrounds the lungs and includes parietal and visceral pleural.

Pericardial Cavity

Surrounds the heart and includes parietal and visceral pericardium.

Peritoneal Cavity

Surrounds some abdominal organs, includes parietal and visceral peritoneal.

Homeostasis

The body's way of keeping the body balanced and irregular ranges through positive and negative feedback.

Negative Feedback

Feedback loop that goes against stimuli (Ex: your body is hot so you sweat).

Positive Feedback

Feedback loop that supports the body (Ex: contractions while giving birth).

Feedback Loops

Core principle where stimuli affects the body so we react to maintain homeostasis.

Structure and Function

Core principle stating the shape & appearance of a building or object should be determined primarily by its independent purpose.

Gradients

Core principle defined as more of something in one area than another (One Substance).

Cell-to-Cell Communication

Core principle where cells communicate with others to maintain homeostasis.

Proton

Positively charged subatomic particle that rests in the nucleus.

Neutron

Neutral/Uncharged particle residing in the nucleus that stops protons from repelling apart and stabilizes the nucleus.

Electron

Negatively charged particle located outside of the nucleus.

First Electron Shell

The electron shell that can hold $2$ electrons.

Second Electron Shell

The electron shell that can hold $8$ electrons.

Third Electron Shell

The electron shell that can hold $18$ electrons but is satisfied with $8$.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the atomic nucleus.

Mass Number

The sum of ALL protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus (Top Left #).

Isotopes

Atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons.

Radioisotopes

Unstable isotopes that release energy as radiation and form the basis for nuclear medicine.

Mixtures

Physical intermixing of atoms of $2$ or more elements where the chemical nature does NOT change and atoms may be physically separated.

Molecules

Combination of $2$ or more atoms by chemical means with different properties from original atoms that can only be separated by chemical means.

Suspensions

Liquid mixed with a solid where large particles are visible and settle out of the mixture.

Colloids

Liquid mixed with a solid where small solid particles are NOT visible so appear opaque and remain dispersed.

Solutions

Liquids (usually water) mixed with a solid, liquid, or gas where one substance dissolves (solute) in another (solvent) appearing translucent.

Valence Shell

The outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom.