Exam 4

Which type of animal maintains a constant internal body temperature?

endotherm

hat term describes a desert mouse lowering its metabolic rate and "sleeping" during the hot day?

Estivation

How could increasing global temperatures from climate change impact ectotherms?

Ectotherms will have to expand more energy to cool their body temperatures

What type of symmetry is found in animals that move swiftly?

Bilateral

what is an advantage of radial symmetry?

It allows the animal to gather food from all sides

A plane that divides an animal into equal right and left portions is ________.

Midsagittal

A plane that divides an animal into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) portions is ________.

Coronal/frontal plane

The pleural cavity is a part of which larger cavity?

thoracic cavity

Which type of epithelial cell is best adapted to aid diffusion?

Squamous

Which type of epithelial cell is found in glands?

cubodial

Which type of epithelial cell is found in the urinary bladder?

Transitional

Which type of connective tissue has the most fibers?

fibrous connective tissue

Which type of connective tissue has a mineralized matrix?

bone

The cell found in bone that breaks it down is called an ________

Osteoclast

Which of the following is a pseudo-ruminant?

Horse

Which of the following statements is untrue?

Birds eat large quantities at one time so that they can fly long distances

The acidic nature of chyme is neutralized by ________.

Bicarbonates

The digestive juices from the liver are delivered to the ________.

Duodenum

A scientist dissects a new animal. It has a single stomach with an extended small intestine. Which animal is it closely related to?

snowshoe hare

Which statement is not true

Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body.

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

vitamin c

what is the primary fuel for the body

carbohydrates

excess glucose stored as___?

glycogen

Why does carb loading help distance runners?

the excess carbohydrates can be stored in the muscles as glycogen.

where does the majority of protein digestion take place?

duodenum

lipases are enzymes that break down___?

lipids

What condition is most likely to cause constipation?

dehydration

What hormone controls the release of bile from the gallbladder?

CCK

what hormone stops acid secretion in the stomach?

somatostatin

In Pavlov's experiment, dogs drooled to a bell. What part of the digestive process did he stimulate?

Cephalic phase

Neurons contain ___, which can reccive signals from other neurons

dendrites

An ___ neuron gas one axon and one dendrite extending directly from the cell body

bipolar

Glia that provide myelin for neurons in the brain are called

oligodendrocytes

Meningitis is an infection of the brain. Which cell type is the first to have its function disrupted during meningitis?

microglia

for a neuron to fire an action potential its membrane much reach___

the threshold of excitation

after an action potential, the opening of additional voltage gated ___ channels and the inactivation of sodium channels cause the membrane to return to its resting state

potassium

what is the term for protein channels that connect two neurons at an electrical synapse

gap junction protein

which of the following molecules is not involved in the maintenance of the resting membrane potential

calcium cations

the ___ live contains the visual cortex

occipital

The ___ connects the two cerebal hemispheres

corpus callosum

Neurons in the ____control motor reflexes

spinal cord

Phineas Gage survived an iron rod through his head and became temperamental and capricious. What part of his brain was damaged?

Frontal lobe

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes

increased heart rate

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?

brainstem

________ is released by motor nerve endings onto muscle.

Acetylcholine

Parkinson’s disease is a caused by the degeneration of neurons that release ________.

dopamine

________ medications are often used to treat patients with ADHD.

stimulant

strokes are often caused by

blood clots or burst blood vessels

Why is it difficult to identify the cause of many nervous system disorders?

• The genes associated with the diseases are not known.

• There are no obvious defects in brain structure.

• The onset and display of symptoms varies between patients.

Why do many patients with neurodevelopmental disorders develop secondary disorders?

Dysfunction in the brain can affect many aspects of the body.

the forearm consists of the

radius and ulna

the pectoral girdle consists of the

clavicle and scapula

All of the following are groups of vertebrae except ________, which is a curvature.

pelvic

which of these is a facial bone

lacrimal

Which of the following is not a true statement comparing exoskeletons and endoskeletons?

Exoskeletons provide less mechanical leverage.

the haversian canal:

contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers

The epiphyseal plate

is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones

the cells responsible for bone resorption are____

osteaoclasts

Compact bone is composed of

osteons

Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak and brittle. It is caused by an imbalance in the activity of which cells?

osteoclasts and osteoblasts

While assembling a skeleton of a new species, a scientist points to one of the bones and observes that it looks like the most likely site of leg muscle attachment. What kind of bone did she indicate?

long bone

Synchondroses and symphyses are

cartilaginous joints

the movement of bone way from the midline of the body is called ___?

abduction

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the synovial fluid?

regulation of water balance in the joint

the elbow is an example of which type of joint

hinge

A high ankle sprain is an injury caused by over-stretching the ligaments connecting the tibia and fibula. What type of joint is involved in this sprain?

syndesmosis

in a relaxed muscle, the myosin binding site on actin is blocked by___?

tropomyosin

the cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called a

sarcolemma

The muscle relaxes if no new nerve signal arrives. However the neurotransmitter from the previous stimulation is still present in the synapse. The activity of ________ helps to remove this neurotransmitter.

acetyclolinesterase

The ability of a muscle to generate tension immediately after stimulation is dependent on

overlap of myosin and actin

Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis of the muscles, and is used for cosmetic purposes under the name Botox. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of Botox?

Botox decreases the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons.

the respiratory system _____

provides body tissue with oxygen

air is warmed and humidifies in the nasal passages. This helps to_____

prevent damage to the lungs

what is the order of airflow during inhalation?

nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, aveoli

the inspiratory reserve volume measures the ____.

amount of air that can be further inhaled after a normal breath

Of the following, which does not explain why the partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the lung than in the external air?

lungs exert a pressure on the air to reduce the oxygen pressure

The total lung capacity is calculated using which of the following formulas?

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

How would paralysis of the diaphragm alter inspiration?

it would prevent inhalation because the intrapleural pressure would not change.