unit 3

Neuron

carry electrical messages all over body

Alternative name for sensory neurons

afferent

Sensory nerves

carry messages from sensory to CNS

Alternative word for motor neurons

efferent

Motor neuron

carry messages from CNS to muscles

PNS has:

Cranial nerves

Carry impulse between head, brain, and neck

Spinal nerves

Carry message between spinal cord, chest, abdomen, and extremeities

Plexus

Large network of nerves

Pheripheral nerves

Function outside CNS

Autonomic nervous system

CNS to glands, muscle, blood vessels

Sympathetic response

Increase pulse and BP, slows digestion

Parasympathetic

Decrease pulse and BP, simulates secretoin and contract pupils

Cell body

Impulse travels in one direction to reach cell body

Terminal end fibers

area where nerve impulse leaves cell

Stromal cells

Connective tissue that povides structural support

axon

extends the cell body and carries nerve impulse away

ach

acetylcholine

DA, DM, DOR

dopamine

neuroglial cells

supportive and connective (stromal) cell

cerebrum

thinking, learning, personality, smell, and movement

gyrus

sheet of nerve cells

sulcus

grooves that seperate gyri

thalamus

involuntary pain

hypothalamus

body temp, sleep, sex, and appetite

brainstem

basic functions

midbrain

seeing and hearing

pons

connect cerebrum and cerebellum to rest of the brain

medulla

breathing and BP

cerebrum

voluntary moveement, posture and balance

spinal cord

column of nervous tissue extending from medulla to L2 verterbra

Gray matter

inner region contains cell body and dendrites

white matter

outer region containing nerve fibers tracts with myelin sheath

caude equina

fan of nerve fibers below end of spinal cord

meninges

3 layers of connective tissues that surrounds CNS

dura matter

outer most layer

pia matter

innermost layer to CNS, contains connectve tissue that have rich supply of blood vessels

hydrocephalus

abnormal accumualtion of csf in brain

spina bifidia

congenetial defect in lumbar spinal column

meningocele

protrusion of meninges through vertebrae

myelomeningocele

protrustion of spinal cord and meninges through vertebrae

epilepsy

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

seizure

sudden, excessive electrical discharge

tonic clonic

sudden loss of consciousness, falling, or stiffening and jerky movements of extermities, loss of bowel and bladder function

absence

momentary clouding of consciousness

alzheimer’s

gradual detortiation of mental beginning in middle age

multiple sclerosis

destruction of myelin sheath in CNS and replacement of sclerotic tissue

what does MS cause

muscle weakness and paralysis

cerebal palsy

paralysis and lack of muscle coordinatino

what causes cerebral palsy

loss of oxygen during pregnancy or delivery

bell’s palsy

Paralysis in one side of the face

Parkinson’s disease

degeneration of nerouns in brain

what causes parkinsons

loss of neurotransmitter dopamine

parkinson’s symptoms

stooped psoture, stiffness tremors

is there a cure for parkinsons

no

can meningitis be bacterial or viral?

both

cerebral concussion

truamaitic brain injury

cerebral contusion

bruising of brain tissue following trauma

what cold ceberal contusions be associated iwth

skull fractures, hematoma, pressure w/ skull

stroke

disruption in mormal blood supply to brain

abbrevation for stroke

cva

what does cva mean

cerebrovascular accident

thrombotic

blood clot in arterries leading to brain cause occlusion in vessela and decreased blood flow to brain

Embolic

a moving clot

hemohraggic

blood vessels bursts and bleeding in the brain

cerebralangiography

xray of arterial blood vessels in brain after injection of contrast material

computerized tomography

computerized xray generating images of cns

electroencphealy

EEG, recording of electrical activity in brain

what can an eeg diagnose

seizures

lumbar puncture

csf withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebra for meneingitis diagnosis

MRI

magnetic resonance imagery

TBI

traumatic brain injury

tia

transient ischemic shock

3 regions of ears

outer, middle, inner

steps of hearing

sound waves received by outer ear, conducted to special receptor cells within the ear, transmitted by those cells to nerve fibers that lead to auditory regions of brain in cerebral cortex sensations of sound are perceived within the nerve fibers

conduction

caused by impareiment of middle ear ossicles and membranes that transit sound waves into cochlea

nerve

caused by impairment of cochlaea or auditory nerve

otis media

inflammation of middle ear

vertigo

sensation of irregular whilrling motion of onseelf or external objects, balance is also affected

meniere’s disease

disorder of labryinth marked by elevated endolymph

what can meniere’s disease cause

tinnitus, losso f hearing, vertigo

otosclerosis

bone growth around oval window and stapes leading to fixation casing improper conduction of sound vibration

how is otosclerosis fixed

stapedectom yand replacement by prosthesis

AD

rigth ear

AS

left ear

AU

borh ears

ENT

ears nose throat

EENT

eyes ears nose thraot

pupil

dark part, light passes through

cornea

fibrous transparent tissue that extends over pupil and eye

what does cornea helo with

refraction of light

retina

thin nerve layers of rods and cones

rods

reduced lighting and pheripheral vision

cones

colors and central vision

conjunctivia

transparent membrane, coats anterior portion of eyeball, dust and smoke cause blood vessels to produce redness

sclera

white part

choroid

dark brown membrane inside sclera, provides nutrients

iris

colored part of eye, muscle surrounds pupil

what happens when there is bright light

iris gets bigger and pupil gets smaller

les bright light

iris smaller and pupil bigger