AP Psychology Unit 2 Vocab

memory

persistance of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. memory allows us to speak languages, ride a bike, jknow ourselves, and tell stories

recall

one of three measures of retention of memory in which you must retrieve previously learned information, ex a fill in the blank question

recognition

a measure of memory in which you identify items previously learned a ex a multiple choice question

relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time/again

parallel processing

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem stimultaneously; according to connectionism there are several Neuro networks which have activation powers for memories, thus learning new things changes brains nueral connections

sensory memory

1st step in multistorey memory forming model, immidate brief recording of information that can be seen or heard or felt, it is quickly forgtton

short-term memory

step 2 of the multistorey memory model, briefly activated memory of a few items to later be stored or forgotten , we process info and encode it better through rehresal to move out of this stage

working memory

a newer understanding of short term memory where we consciously and actively process incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long term memory, a scratchpad combining new experiences with long term memory, active maintenance is rehearsal over time prolonging memoryl

long term memory

relativley permeant and limitless archive of memory system of knowledge, skills, and experiences, ex how to ride a bike, the capital of France is Paris, memory of middle school grad

central executive

memory component in baddeleys model (multiprocess modernized) that coordinates activities of the phonological loop and visual processing to focus attention, boss of directing focus, ex: driving and listening to step by step directions (phono) while visualizing streets (viseospatial)

phonological loop

memory component responsible for briefly holding auditory information, ex: repeat friends phon number when they tell it to you; controlled with viseospatial by the central executive

visuospatial sketchpad

memory component that briefly holds information about objects appearence and location in space or to other things/objects ex: where you parked your car, route home

neurogenisis

formation of new nuerons in response to exercise, sleep, non-stressful stimulating nevrionrments ex: sea slug when you spray it with water it learns to withdraw its gills in learning it releases more setitonin into nuerons which transmit signals, learning doubles cell synapses that transmit these helpful signalsl

long term potential (LTP)

neural basis for learning and memory when there is an increase in nerve cells firing portential after brief, rapid stimulation, teh physical basis for forming memories and learning, rats given drug to enhance LTP learn a maze with half the mistakes

multi-store model

model proposed by Richard atkinson and Richard shiffon describing the memory forming process as a linear process using encoding, storage, and retrieval through sensory memory, short term/working memory, and long term memory. the updated version includes the scratch pad of working memory and automatic processing (when something slips into long term memory without rehersal

explicit memories

retention of facts and experiences we can conciously know and declare; also called declarative memory; encoded through effortful processing; learning AP psych content

effortful processing

encoding of explicit memories that requires attention and concious effort

implicit memories

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conisous recollection exL how to ride a bike (procedural) or being attacked by a dog so now scared of dogs (classically conditioned)

automatic processing

unconcious encoding of incidental information (space, time, frequency) and familiar/well learned information (sounds, smells, word meanings) its like skipping conisous encoding and going directly to storage, often of implicit memories.

ionic memory

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, picture memory lasting a few seconds, people can remember a number right when they see it but then it goes away

echoic memory

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, even when attention is elsewhere you can recall words and sounds from the last 3-4 seconds, zones out but remember last three words when calledd on

chunking

effortful processing strategies organizing items into familiar manageable units (usually occurs automatically)

mnemonics

effortful processing strategy of memory aids specifically imargy and organizational devices of contrete words to help encode lengthy passages and speaches, acronyms, ex: order of planets my very educated mother just served us noodles, PEMDAS please excuse my dear aunt sally

spacing effect

tendancy for distributed study/practice to yeild better long term retention results than mass studying/practice does

tetsing effect

idea that retrevial practice is much more effective at learning and retaining information than simply re-reading (also called test enhanced learning)

shallow processing

encoding on a basic/elementary level based on structure or appearance of words (structurall and phenomic encoding), leads to confusionn between their, they’re and there

deep processing

encoding emantically based on meaning of words, yeilds best retention, deeoer more meaningful processing means better retention

semantic memory

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge, one of our concious memory system processed and stored by the frontal lobes and hippocampus connect concepts and objects based on characteristics ex: humans and whales grouped together because both breathe air and nurse our young, different because humans walk and whales live in the ocean

episodic memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events, one of two concious memory systems, ex: what I ate for breakfeats today, my first day or high school outfit, the memory is tied to the time and place and feelings

Hippocampus

nueral center located in limibic system of the brain helps process explicit concious memoryes of facts (semantic) or events (episodic) for storage like hitting the save button on the computer, the left side of this is for verbal info and the right side is for visual designs and locations, rear is for spatial memory , like a loading dock it is not the location of the permeant storage

flashbulb memories

clear memory of emotionally significant moment or event processed by the amigdyla, it is remembered much more clearly snapchots of mentaly exciting or shocking events ex: first kiss story, where you were during 9/11

elaborative rehersal

memory technique that involves thinking deeply about memory of new information and connecting it to existing knowledge to help transfer it from short-term memory to long term memory (active encoding), create personal connections, menomonic devices, real-world anaglogies

priming

unconcious activation of certain associations preidpsoing our perception memory and response, memoryless memory invisible also influences out behaviors, ex: more likely to spell hair as hare after seeing a rabbit

context dependent memory/encoding specificity principle

idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall, “context-depednent” memories, back at childhood home feel the feelings of the time

state-dependent memory

similar to context dependent, idea that being in similar/same hysical and mental state helps us recall memories that occured in that state, ex: drunk an hide something, more likely to remember where it is when you are drunk again

mood congruent

tendancy to recall memories and experiences consistent with your current mood good or bad, when you are upset, you remember more upsetting things, after great race, world is sunshine and rainbows

seriel position effect

how we remember a list of recent events or things through recent and primacy effect, the order information is presented to us impacts memory, 1st and last things remembered, middle turns to mush

primacy effect

after time has apssed we remember the first items in a list the best because it has the most time in working memory, overall we remember first things in a list

recency effect

rembering last things in a list, especially at first as it is in short term memory

interleaving

retrieval practice strategy mixing different study topics/subjects to boost long term retention, decreases risk of overconfidence, ex forensics plus psych equals Lindsey Clancy trial

infantile amnesia

inability to remember memories (retireval failure) from early childhood (0-3 years old roughly) due to presmature hippocampus and lack of formed sense of self-concept

tip of the tounge phenomonen

temporary inability to retrieve specific word/name from long term memory with strong feeling of imminent recall, failure of retrieval

amnesia

partial or complete loss of memory function on temporary or permanent scale, 4 different types

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories but can still remember the past, guy who had brain tutor and can remember piano and wife but only 30 seconds of present day

retrograde amnesia

an inability to remember information from your past but you can form new memories, ex: Jason bourne

forgetting curve

course of forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time, due to gradual dading of physical memory trace

proactive interference

forward-acting distributive effect of older learning on recall of new info, struggle to remember the new information

retroactive interfrence

backward acting distributive effect of older learning on the recall of new information, struggle to recall old information, ex: reese remix now hard to remember old lyrics because hers are in the brain and superior

repression

basic defense mechanism in psycoanalytic theory from Freud that banishes arousing thoughts feelings and memories from our consciousness to avoid anxiety to protect our self-concept (ego)., not as common now days as more researchers believe that memories that are traumatic or meaningful play in our heads oftenn having us re-expereince them rather than forgetting them for protection

constructive memory

infer past from stored info using what we imagine, saw, heard, expected, through reconsolidation we re-weave memories and they can change overtime

misinformation effect

after exposure t misleading information we confidently misremember what we’ve seen or heard corrupting our memory.

source amnesia

faulty memory for how, when, and where information comes from thinking we may have experienced something that we oursleves do not experience but heard about, dreamt about, or saw occur on TV; de ja vu comes from familiarity plus source amnesia (lack of conisous recall)

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adopt to new situations

general intelligence (g)

measured by every task on intelligence test, an underlying knowledge of all mental abilities, a reliable measure proven by recent studies to exist as affirmed by the spearmen theory and also included in the cattle-horn-carroll theory. idea that people who are intelligent are naturally intelligent in all or many areas and vise versa

factor analysis

statistical procedure that identifies clustered of related variables on a test to identify different dimesnions of performance that underlying a totall score ex: seven clusters of primary mental ability are word fluency, verbal communications, spatail ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, indlcutive reasoning, and memory capacity

fluid intelligence (Gf)

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly which tends to decrease with age and especially in late adualthood

crystalized intelligence (Gc)

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills which tends to increase with age works with Gf together using accumulated knowledge to solve problemsC

Cattle-horn-carroll theory

theory that our intelligence is based on general intelligence as well as specified abilities bridged by fluid and crystalized intelligence these spacifici abilities including reasoning, writing, memory capacity, and processing speed

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability (typically is on the spectrum) has an exeptional specific skill such as in computation, drawing, memory. this supports the garnder intelligence view of several different (8) intelligences that are not neccearily co-dependent

grit

passion and perservence in the pursuit on long term goals, and element of sucsessful people accompanied by intelligence along with energy

emotional intelligence

part of social intelligence, when people are socially aware and self aware based on four abilities. 1) perceive - recognize emotion in other things and identify feelings in yourself 2) understand - predict emotions and how they may change 3) manage - how to express emotions and handle other ppeopl’s emotions 4) using emotions - creative and adaptive thinking