BioChemL1

Lecture 1

Pharmacist Patient Care Process

Collect - Patient info

Assess - Identify and prioritize problems

Plan - Evidence-based & cost-effective plan for patient

Implement - Care plan

Follow-up (Monitor & Evaluate) - Evaluate effectiveness of care plan + modify (as needed)

Features of a living organism?

Use & and application of energy from environment; Response to external stim; Ability to grow & replicate; Ability to evolve; Joint efforts of cellular components

Cells - Ribosomes

Protein factories (instructions from RNA) that float freely or attach to ER

Cells - Peroxisomes

Metabolize fatty acids & detoxify the cell

Cells - Cytoskeleton

Protein fibers that support cell structure & movement within cell

Cells - Lysozyme

Degrades debris

Cells - Transport vehicles

Serve as shuttles

Cells - Golgi Complex

Packages proteins & targets them to other organelles or outside cell

Cells - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of lipid synthesis (fats) & drug metabolism (No ribosomes)

Cells - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site for most protein synthesis (covered in ribosomes) for assembly & transport

Cells - Mitochondrion

Powerhouse of the cell that makes ATP

Cells - Plasma Membrane

Separates cell from environment; Regulates transport in & out of cell

Cells - Nucleolus

Factory for ribosomal RNA

Cells - Nuclear Envelope

Separates chromatin from cytoplasm

Cells - Nucleus

Contains the genes (Control center)

Macromolecule - Proteome

Sum of all proteins in a cell; Enzymes, structural elements, receptors, transporters

Macromolecule - Genome

Entire set of genetic information in organism; DNA, RNA

Macromolecule - Glycome

Entire complement of sugars in cell; Glucose, glycans, cellulose

Macromolecule - Lipidome

Complete lipid profile of cell; Phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols

Role of Carbon

Single bond w/ hydrogen

Single & double bonds w/ Oxygen & Nitrogen

Tetrahedral arrangement

Freedom of rotation (C-C single bond)

Double bonds (shorter + no rotation)

Metabolome

Entire collection (~1000) of small molecules in each cell based on functionalized carbon w/ O,N,S,Ph

Stereoisomers

Same chemical bond & formula, but differ in configuration and spatial arrangement

Enantiomer

Stereoisomers that ARE mirror images and ARE chiral, but NOT superimposable

Diastereomer

Stereoisomers that are NOT mirror images and ARE chiral, but NOT superimposable

Chirality

A chiral center is a CARBON atom with FOUR DIFFERENT substituents

Fadrozole

Breast cancer drug; RACEMIC MIXTURE; ONE ENANTIOMER ACTIVE (S-Fadrozole)

First Law of Thermo

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed (only transformed)

Second Law of Thermo

Entropy (Delta S) of any isolated system ALWAYS increases; Entropy is disorder or randomness of components within chemical system

Exergonic Reaction

Spontaneous rxn when Gibbs free energy change (Delta G) is negative

Endergonic Reaction

Requires energy when Gibbs free energy change (Delta G) is positive; Entropy DECREASES

Enthalpy

Stored energy in a molecule (Number and kinds of bonds)

Catabolism

Pathway that degrades organic nutrients into simple end products & convert energy into forms cells can use; Exergonic; Takes NADP+ & ADP and makes NADPH & ATP

Anabolism

Pathway that converts small precursor molecules into larger & more complex molecules (RNA, DNA, proteins, fat, carbs); REQUIRES ENERGY; Endergonic

Metabolism

Overall network of enzyme-catalyzed pathways (catabolism & anabolism)