BIOL NOTES

Muscle Types

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

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striated & voluntary

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involuntary, found in hollow organs

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found in the heart

Embryo Development

Zygote, Blastula, Gastrula

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Animal Body Symmetry

Asymmetric, Radial, Spherical, Bilateral

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lacks a plane for mirror images (e.g., sponge)

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mirror images through the center (e.g., pizza-like)

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equal halves through any plane (e.g., volvox)

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right and left sides are mirror images (e.g., humans)

Body Cavities

Acoelomates, Coelomates, Pseudocoelomates

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no body cavity (e.g., flatworms)

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have a suspended digestive cavity

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have a digestive cavity not suspended (e.g., earthworms)

Chordate Characteristics

Notochord, Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Gill Slits, Muscular Post-anal Tail

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provides skeletal support

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gives rise to the central nervous system

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aid in aquatic respiration

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aids in movement

Vertebrate Classes

Myxini, Petromyzontida, Chondrichthyans, Ray-finned Fishes, Lobe-fins

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Hagfishes with a weak circulatory system

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Lampreys, mostly parasites

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Sharks, rays, with cartilaginous skeletons

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Ossified endoskeleton, covered in scales

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Thought to be extinct, have true lungs

Mammal Traits

Mammary Glands, Hair & Subcutaneous Fat, Sweat Glands, Differentiated Teeth

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produce milk for offspring

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provide insulation

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aid in cooling

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specialized for various functions

Body Plans to Maximize Surface Area

Organisms may have sac-like bodies, flat bodies, or extreme branching/folding to increase the ratio of surface area to volume, allowing for efficient exchange of materials with the environment.

System of Coordination

Coordination in organisms is achieved through two main systems - the endocrine system, which releases hormones into the bloodstream for slow but long-lasting effects, and the nervous system, which transmits nerve impulses for fast but short-lasting responses.

Feedback Control

Organisms can be regulators, controlling their internal environment through internal mechanisms, or conformers, allowing their internal environment to change with external conditions. Feedback mechanisms like negative feedback counteract changes in controlled variables, while positive feedback enhances them.

Thermoregulation

Animals maintain internal temperature through thermoregulation. Endotherms generate heat internally (e.g., birds, mammals), while ectotherms rely on external sources (e.g., amphibians, reptiles). Homeotherms keep a relatively constant body temperature, while poikilotherms vary with the environment. Heterotherms adjust behavior/metabolism as needed.

Temperature Control Methods

Animals control body temperature through conduction (direct heat transfer), convection (heat loss to cooler air), radiation (heat loss to cooler objects), evaporation (cooling through water loss), vasoconstriction (skin vessels constrict to conserve heat), and vasodilation (skin vessels dilate to release heat).