protein-synthesis

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What is the process of transcription in protein synthesis?

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Transcription is the process where DNA is transcribed to produce an mRNA molecule.

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Where does transcription occur in the cell?

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Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell.

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Protein synthesis

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63 Terms

1
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What is the process of transcription in protein synthesis?

Transcription is the process where DNA is transcribed to produce an mRNA molecule.

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Where does transcription occur in the cell?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell.

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What is mRNA?

mRNA, or messenger RNA, is a single-stranded RNA molecule that transfers genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm.

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What enzyme is required for the production of mRNA during transcription?

RNA polymerase.

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What happens to the DNA molecule during transcription?

Part of the DNA unwinds and the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs break.

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What is the template strand of DNA?

The strand of DNA that is transcribed to form the mRNA molecule.

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How do free RNA nucleotides pair during transcription?

They pair with exposed complementary bases on the template strand of the DNA.

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What happens to the mRNA molecule after it is transcribed?

It leaves the nucleus through a pore in the nuclear envelope.

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Why can't DNA travel out of the nucleus?

DNA is too large to fit through the pores in the nuclear envelope.

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What mechanism governs gene expression in cells?

Cells can switch certain genes on or off to match requirements; this is called gene expression.

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What is the role of ribosomes in translation?

Ribosomes are the site where mRNA is translated into a polypeptide.

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What is a codon?

A codon is a sequence of three mRNA bases that corresponds to one amino acid.

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What is the role of tRNA in translation?

tRNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome and pairs with mRNA codons.

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What is the significance of stop codons in translation?

Stop codons signal the end of translation, indicating that the polypeptide chain is complete.

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What does the genetic code refer to?

The genetic code refers to the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins.

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How many different amino acids are there that cells use to construct proteins?

There are 20 different amino acids.

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What is the term for a change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule?

A gene mutation.

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What are point mutations?

Point mutations are alterations of a single base in the DNA sequence.

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Can mutations occur randomly?

Yes, mutations can occur randomly and are often copying errors that take place during DNA replication.

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What is sickle cell disease caused by?

A single point mutation that alters the amino acid sequence in the hemoglobin polypeptide.

21
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What is the genetic code's nature concerning overlaps?

The genetic code is non-overlapping; each base is read only once.

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How many different codons can be formed with four nucleotide bases?

64 different codons (4^3 = 64).

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Why is the genetic code described as degenerate?

Because multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

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What is the primary location for translation in the cell?

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

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What happens to the polypeptide chain during translation?

It elongates as tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome.

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What type of bond forms between amino acids during synthesis of a polypeptide?

A peptide bond.

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What is the energy source for the translation process?

ATP,

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In which cellular process are amino acids covalently bonded together?

Translation.

29
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What is the analogy used for understanding transcription and translation?

Transcription and translation are likened to converting between languages.

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What ensures that DNA and RNA have complementary sequences?

Complementary base pairing rules.

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Which nucleotide in RNA replaces thymine from DNA?

Uracil (U).

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What does the process of transcription entail?

Conversion of DNA sequence into an mRNA sequence.

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How does the ribosome function during translation?

The ribosome moves along the mRNA, facilitating the binding of tRNA to codons.

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What is the implication of the mutation in sickle cell disease?

The mutation leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped.

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What can happen in the cell due to mutations in gametes?

They can lead to heritable genetic conditions.

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How are mRNA codons determined?

They are determined by the template strand's DNA sequence.

37
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What does the term 'messenger' refer to in mRNA?

It carries genetic messages from the DNA to the cytoplasm.

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What is the basic structure of rRNA?

rRNA is a component of ribosomes, formed by a large and small subunit.

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What are the functions of amino acids in metabolism?

They participate in the building of proteins, which are essential for various cellular functions.

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What is an example of a start codon?

AUG, which codes for methionine.

41
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What role does each triplet of bases on a DNA strand play?

Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid.

42
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What happens during the elongation phase of translation?

tRNA molecules bring amino acids together and form peptide bonds.

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Where do the steps of protein synthesis occur?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

44
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Identify the two main types of mutations.

Point mutations and frameshift mutations.

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What occurs if a mutation takes place in a normal somatic cell?

It is generally not inherited by offspring.

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Which genetic disorder is the result of a single point mutation in hemoglobin?

Sickle cell disease.

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What is the outcome of the sickle cell mutation in hemoglobin's structure?

It modifies the shape and function of red blood cells.

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Why are some mutations considered beneficial?

They can provide an advantage in survival or reproduction.

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What is included in the definition of a codon?

A codon consists of three consecutive bases on mRNA.

50
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Who articulated the universal nature of the genetic code?

It signifies that nearly all organisms employ the same genetic code.

51
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What is one key feature of the genetic code?

It is degenerate, meaning multiple codons can specify the same amino acid.

52
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What change occurs due to mutations on the DNA level?

They can lead to changes in the sequence of amino acids in proteins.

53
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Why can mutations in gametes be inherited?

They can be passed to offspring during reproduction.

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How do mutations influence evolutionary processes?

They generate genetic variation, which can be acted upon by natural selection.

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What must occur when the ribosome reaches a stop codon?

Translation ceases, and the newly formed polypeptide is released.

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What does the stability of DNA imply about gene expression?

It enables reliable templates for transcription across generations.

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What is a key difference between DNA and RNA?

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

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What can point mutations lead to in a hemoglobin molecule?

They can alter the properties and functionality of hemoglobin, as seen in sickle cell disease.

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Why are mutations important to genetic engineering?

They facilitate the transfer of genes between species due to the universal genetic code.

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During which phase does DNA replication occur prior to transcription?

S phase of interphase.

61
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What can be an effect of sickle cell anemia on the human body?

It can cause pain, fatigue, and reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.

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What does ATP provide during the translation process?

The energy required for peptide bond formation.

63
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What does the term 'universal' signify in relation to the genetic code?

It indicates that the same triplet codes for the same amino acids across different organisms.