human physiology weeks 1-4 checkpoints

Cell organelles that process, phosphorylate, and glycosylate substances formed in the Endoplasmic Reticulum are

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following substances have a higher extracellular concentration compared to the intracellular concentration?

sodium chloride

The most abundant cell membrane lipids are

phospholipids

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires a protein carrier?

Primary active transport, secondary active transport, and facilitated diffusion

Potential difference generated across a membrane when a charged solute (an ion) diffuses down its concentration gradient is called

diffusion potential

The process of making the membrane potential less negative is called

depolarization

What is defined as the development of unhealthy conditions or disease?

pathogenesis

At the tissue level, blood flow below the minimum necessary to maintain cell homeostasis and metabolic function is called

ischemia

The presence of which types of cells is associated with chronic inflammation?

macrophages

The three important components of tissue healing include:

Fibronectin, proteoglycans and collagen

In this type of healing the initial union of the edges of a wound progresses to complete healing without granulation

primary intention

During this phase of fracture healing and repair, there is formation of the soft callus, seen on radiographs around 2 weeks after the injury, which is eventually replaced by a hard callus

reparative phase

The primary function of the Autonomic systems is to

Regulate the function of visceral organs

The preganglionic sympathetic neurons originate in the

nuclei of the thoracolumbar spinal cord

Which of the following are correctly paired

Sympathetic stimulation—increased heart rate

Which of the following receptor types mediates an increase in heart rate and contractility?

Beta-1 receptors

Which of the following receptors is found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?

nicotinic

What is the molecular foundation of the action potential?

Increase in sodium permeability

Which of the following is the MOST common neurotransmitter in autonomic ganglia?

Ach

What are the most numerous glial cells in the adult brain?

Astrocytes

Which of the following best describes a rapidly adapting receptor?

Meissner corpuscle

Muscle spindles have the following characteristics

spindle-shaped organs, composed of intrafusal muscle fibers and abundant in muscles used for fine movements

Apoptosis is

programmed cell death

Which of the following structures covers the Active Sites on the thin filaments in a skeletal muscle fiber when myoplasmic calcium levels are low?

tropomyosin

Which of the following best describes the function of Titin?

molecular spring

Which of the following is the correct temporal order of events for the skeletal muscle?

Depolarization of the T tubules opens Ca2+-release channels, increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, conformational change in the troponin complex, myosin-binding sites on actin are uncovered and cross-bridge cycling

In _______________ contraction, the muscle shortens against a fixed load. In other words, muscle does shorten but the tension on the muscle remains constant throughout the contraction.

isotonic

Which of the following best describes a typical Type I skeletal muscle fiber?

Oxidative, high capillary density, many mitochondria

Unlike skeletal muscle, the contraction of smooth muscle requires which of the following?

Phosphorylation of myosin light chains

Which of the following BEST describes the changes in muscle with aging ?

A decrease in total fibers, decrease in muscle fiber size, impaired excitation-contraction coupling mechanism

Which of the following is a major function of the kidneys?

Regulation of composition of body fluid

Which of the following best describes the sequential layers of the gastrointestinal tract from the outside (blood) to the inside (lumen) ?

Serosa, longitudinal smooth muscle, myenteric plexus, submucosa, mucosa