ATI TEAS 7 - Chemistry

particle with a single positive charge

proton

particle with no electric charge

neutron

has a negative charge and is about 2000x smaller than a proton

electron

the types of elements are determined by the number of _____ within the nucleus

protons

are atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons

isotopes

Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are _________

isotopes

the total number of protons and neutrons

atomic mass

the number of protons in an atom

atomic number

how is charge (+/-/neutral) of an atom determined by

the number of protons

if there are more electrons than protons, the atom will have a ______ charge

negative

if there are more protons than electrons, the atom will have a ______ charge

positive

if the number of protons and electrons are equal, then the atom will have be _________

neutral

atoms that have gained or lost protons, and as a result, have a charge either positive or negative

ions

atoms that have lost one or more electrons and have a resulting positive charge

cations

atoms that have gained one or more electrons and have a resulting negative charge

anions

What does chlorine (Cl) become when it gains an electron?

anion with a negative charge

When an atom gains electrons, it usually happens in the _____ shell.

outermost

the columns of the periodic table

groups

the rows of the periodic table

periods

the few elements that do not fit perfectly into the periodic table

transition elements or metalloids

the first two rows of the periodic table

active metals (alkali and alkaline earth metals)

the middle of the periodic table (transition elements)

reactive metals

what represents how many valence electrons are in an atom?

groups

the type of element is determined by the number of ______ within the nucleus.

protons

the ______ on the periodic table go from left to right in the order of increasing atomic number.

column

the first column (group one) has how many valence electrons?

one

the second column (group two) has how many valence electrons?

two

the ____ go from top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number.

rows

the first row (period one) has how many valence electrons?

two

the second row (period two) has how many valence electrons?

eight

the element's atomic number (shown as a whole number without a decimal) - used to identify the number of electrons and protons of an element

integer

what is shown on the periodic table as a decimal to account for the element's various isotopes

atomic masses

spherical area surrounding the nucleus. has a max of two electrons at a time

s orbital

dumbbell-shaped area surrounding the nucleus. has a max of six electrons at a time

p orbital

hourglass-shaped area surrounding the nucleus. has a max of ten electrons at a time

d orbital

irregularly-shaped area surrounding the nucleus. has a max of fourteen electrons at a time

f orbital

the number of orbitals has is ________ as the period number it's on the periodic table

same [EX: the first period has one orbital; the second period has two orbitals...]

elements are the most stable when they have a what valence shell.

full

formed when atoms trade electrons in order to achieve stability

ionic bonds

formed when atoms share electrons in order to achieve stability

covalent bonds

What bond is formed when sodium (Na) gives up its one valence electron to chlorine (Cl)?

ionic bond

What bond is formed when two hydrogen (H) atoms share their one valence electron?

covalent bond

the measure of how strongly an atom attracts electrons to itself

electronegativity

the higher the electronegativity, the _______ the atom's attraction for electrons

greater

atoms with high electronegativities (such as Cl) tend to form ______ bonds

ionic

atoms with low electronegativities (such as H) tend to form ______ bonds

covalent

anything that has mass and occupies space

matter

refer to the different properties of a substance that can change their state without changing the identity of the substance

physical properties

amount of matter in an object - measured of the inertia of an object and is measured in grams (g)

mass

mass is measured in _______

grams (g)

amount of space an object occupies and is measured in liters (L)

volume

volume is measured in _______

liters (L)

the mass of an object divided by its volume; a measure of how much matter is packed into a given space and is measured in grams per liter (g/L)

density

density is measured in ______

grams per liter (g/L)

the density of a substance can be affected by its ___________

temperature

have a definite shape and volume; least compressible state of matter as molecules are packed together in a tight pattern

solids

have a definite volume but take the shape of their container; more compressible than solids as molecules are not packed together as tightly

liquids

have neither a definite shape nor volume; most compressible state of matter as molecules are far apart from each other

gases

a state of matter that is often found in the stars; a gas that is ionized (meaning that electrons have been stripped from the atoms)

plasma

the phase of a substance is dependent on which two conditions?

temperature and pressure

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

temperature

at (high/low) temperature is where the more energy the molecules have (move particles of matter apart) and the more space they take up?

higher temperature

a measure of the force exerted on an object by the surrounding atmosphere

pressure

at (high/low) pressure, the more the molecules are forced together

higher pressure

what happens to the water molecules if temperature is increased? what state will it be if it was a solid in the first place?

the molecules of water will move faster and take up more space; changing from a solid to a liquid

what happens to the water molecules if temperature is decreased? what state will it be if it was a liquid in the first place?

the molecules of water will move slower and take up less space; changing from a liquid to a solid

what happens to the water molecules if pressure is increased? what state will it be if it was a gas in the first place?

the molecules of water will be forced closer together; changing from a gas to a liquid

what happens to the water molecules if pressure is decreased? what state will it be if it was a liquid in the first place?

the molecules of water will be forced further apart; changing from a liquid to a gas

process of a gas changing into a liquid; occurs when the molecules of the gas slows down and becomes closer together

condensation

process of a liquid changing to a gas; occurs when the molecules of the liquid gain enough energy to break away from the surface of the liquid

evaporation

process of a solid changing to a gas; occurs when the molecules of the solid gain enough energy to break away from the surface of the solid

sublimation

process of a gas changing to a solid; occurs when the molecules of the gas slow down and become closer together

deposition

process of a solid changing to a liquid; occurs when the molecules of the solid gain enough energy to break away from each other

melting

process of a liquid changing to a solid; occurs when the molecules of the liquid lose enough energy to stay together

freezing

what kind of electrons are in the outermost energy level of an atom?

valence electrons

what electrons are involved in chemical reactions?

valence electrons

formed when atoms gain or lose electrons (take or giveaway)

ionic bonds

formed when atoms share valence electrons

covalent bonds

usually formed between a metal and a non-metal (EX: Na and Cl)

ionic bonds

usually formed between two non-metals (EX: C and O)

covalent bonds

substances involved in the reaction

reactants

new substances that are formed by the reaction

products

type of reaction that happens when a substance reacts with oxygen (O) to form carbon dioxide (CO) and water (H)

combustion reaction

what speeds up the reaction

catalysts

reactions that absorb heat/energy

endothermic reaction

endothermic reactions are influenced by what

temperature

higher temperatures will increase the rate of reaction because....

it provides the energy that is needed for the reaction to occur

reactions that release heat/energy

exothermic reactions

what influences the rate of exothermic reactions?

concentration of the reactants

higher concentrations will increase the rate of exothermic reactions because....

there is a greater chance that the molecules will collide

what happens when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

equilibrium

at equilibrium, the concentrations of the reactants and products remain.....

constant

when the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same time

dynamic equilibrium

when the concentrations of the reactants and products are not changing

static equilibrium

if you add reactants, the position of equilibrium will shift to the.....

right

if you remove reactants, the position of equilibrium will shift to the.....

left

the minimum amount of energy that is needed for a chemical reaction to occur

activation energy

what lowers the activation energy by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction to occur

catalysts

what are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions

enzymes

enzymes are ______ to the reaction they catalyze and are usually named after the substrate that they act on

specific