Literature SII

The 1920s features significant changes in what?

Music, social behavior, and artistic practices

What was the most significant literary revolutions?

The rise of modernism

The modernist movement transformed what?

Dance, visual arts, and literature as well as the emergence of photography and cinema

What is modernism?

The efforts of artists to come to terms with the radical changes occurring across the world

What were some of the rapid technological changes of modernism?

Rapid technological innovations, developments in psychology and social sciences, particularly psychoanalytic theories

Who founded psychoanalytic theories?

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic beleifs challenged what long held beliefs?

Beliefs about development and desire increased levels of urbanization and the subsequent sensations of alienation and isolation and region and the unprecedented violence of WW1

Artists felt a pressure to do what?

Break from old traditions and in the words of famous modernist poet and critic Ezra Pound “make it new”

How did artists break from old traditions?

They experimented with new techniques, forms, and subject matters

What literary strategies did modernism include?

A direct presentations of experience, economical use of language, symbolism, and an informal colloquial style

What traditional forms did American modernists avoid from using?

Traditional forms, rhyme schemes, and meter

Modernists abandoned traditional forms in favor of what?

Original, non-rhyming forms and musical or conversational style

What is John Dos Passos known for?

Implementing nonlinear, cinematic, and journalistic storytelling technique into his novels

Who played with radical new linguistic forms?

Gertrude Stein

What did Gertrude Stein focus on?

Pure language often dispensing entirely with traditional narrative and representational strategies

What did Ernest Hemingway try out?

New approaches to language by rejecting the overly descriptive language of Victorian and naturalist writers

What is the most influential piece of modernist writing?

The Waste Land

Who wrote The Waste Land?

T.S. Eliot

How did The Waste land fundamentally upend long held beliefs about the purpose and nature of poetry?

Through the use of collage and disjunction, free verse, unsentimental impersonality, and a dense web of references to both high and low culture

Which writers were experimental with their works?

Dos Passos, Stein, Eliot, William Faulkner, Virginia Woolf, and James Joyce

What experimental feature did Fitzgerald use in his writing?

The tendency to emphasize the individual consciousness as a primary focal point of storytelling

What is reflected in Fitzgeralds writing?

Many of the philosophical concerns of the modernist period

Black Americans made contributions to what?

Music, literature, the visual arts, theater, and cultural criticism

What Black artists were significant to the 1920’s

Langston Hughes, Georgia Douglas Johnson, and Sterling A. Brown

The Great Gatsby doesn’t feature what type of character?

A significant Black Character

The Great Gatsby has no meaningful engagement of what?

Jazz itself, as a musical form or cultural phenomenon

What is the most famous and well studied Black artistic movement in American history?

The Harlem Renaissance

What do scholars debate about the Harlem Renaissance?

The date of its official begining

During the Harlem Renaissance there was an unprecedented rise in what?

The publication, promotion and acceptance of Black literature, music, and aethetic criticism

What does Samuel A. Floyd write about the Renaissance?

It “was an effort to secure economic, social, and cultural equality with white citizens, and the arts were to be used as a means of achieving that goal”

Who became the epicenter of a vibrant artistic community in the early 1920’s?

W.E.B Du Bois, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and Countee Cullen

What significantly read magazines could African American poets be published in?

The Crisis and Opportunity

What venue allowed musicians to experiment and perform?

The Cotton Club

What could critics and scholars work together to theorize?

The nature and purpose of Black artistic expression

What did Black writers see for the first time in history during the Harlem Renaissance?

The same fame and recognition as their white counterparts and their unique cultural contributions

What was a unique cultural contribution that came as a result of the Harlem Renaissance?

The use of folk traditions and literary use of musical developments like jazz and blues

What stands out in particular as a defining development of the period?

Jazz

Where did Jazz develop?

Out of musical experiments performed in New Orleans

Who describes the earliest versions of jazz as a mixture of genres?

Michael Broyles

Broyles believed jazz was the combination of elements from what?

Blues, ragtime, brass bands, gospel, and little Tin Pan Alley

When did Jazz start sweeping the country?

1917

Jazz started sweeping the country after what?

Early recordings by the Original Dixieland Jazz Bamd

How was the word Jazz originally spelled?

Jass

What did some people feel about Jazz?

It was too loose and irregularly rhythmed

Who primarily disliked the loose irregular rhythm of jazz?

Conservative music fans

Who helped popularize Jazz?

Joe King Oliver, Fletcher Henderson, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington

How did Jazz artists popularize the genre?

Through recordings and live performances

Who did Jazz inspire?

Langston Hughes and Sterling A. Brown

Jazz influenced Hughes and Brown to do what?

Experiment with new poetic forms in an effort to replicate how jazz musicians used repetition, improvisation, and unique  rhythms in their music

Who were Blues musicians?

Mamie Smith and “Mississippi” John Hurt

How did Blues singers sing?

In expressive, nontraditional ways

Blues singers typically sang about what?

Difficulties of growing up impoverished and marginalized

Blues singers pathed what for writers?

Ways for writrers to express themselves

What does Richard A. Long believe?

Blues were not just a musical form with recognizable shape and sound, but also a musical ethos or way of thinking about the purpose of art

The emergence of jazz, blues, and the Harlem Renaissance signaled what?

A new era in the popularity and importance of Black artists in the United States

Why was the era of popularity and importance of Black artists significant?

It have these artists a platform and helped carve out space for a uniquely African American aethetic

What did Black artists formalize new ways to do?

Express the collective sorrows and traumas as well as joys and triumphs

When was the Nineteenth Amendment ratified?

August 18 1920

What did the 19th Amendment create?

A constitutional guarantee of women’s suffrage

Were women allowed to vote in most states?

Yes. In most other states either allowed women to vote in certain elections, like presidential primaries, or had already granted the right to vote to women

Prior to the 19th Amendment women’s right to vote was only granted at what level?

The state level

Due to the 19th Amendment being in federal law, what couldn’t states do?

Restrict women’s right to vote

Who were considered architects of the women’s suffrage movement?

Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott

Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Licretia Mott were pioneers of what?

First Wave Feminism

What is First Wave Feminism?

The first major activist movement focused on women’s political, social, and person issues

What did the Seneca Falls Convention do?

Made feminism a significant force in American Politics

When was the Seneca Falls Convention?

1848

Who lobbied local state and federal politicians for women’s suffrage?

The National American Woman’s Suffrage Association, and later the League of Women’s Voters

Who led the League of Women Voters?

Carrie Chapman Catt

What did suffragists believe?

The U.S was perpetuating a grave moral and political failure by refusing to allow women the right to vote and participate equally in society

How were women’s rights activists treated?

They were often ignored, ridiculed, and even physically attacked while advocating for women’s rights

What progress would be seen by women’s suffrage supporters?

Various states permitted limited forms of woman suffrage, and presidential endorsement

Both candidates in the 1920 election offered vocal support for what?

The 19th Amendment

What did the Silent Sentinels do?

Begin a two-and-a-half-year campaign in front of the White House in favor of women’s suffrage

When did the Silent Sentinels begin their campaign in front of the white house?

1917

True or False, the ratification of the 19th Amendment greatly impacted the day-to-day lives of Americans

False, Its impact of the day to day lives of many Americans was rather minor as elections are relatively infrequent and many had accepted the obviousness of the cause’s claims

Feminist revolutions involved what?

How women dressed in public, how they behaved in private and in public, how they sought out or were pursuit by potential suitors, and how they explored their own sexuality

What figure embodied the popular and controversial shifts in the way that women carried themselves?

The flapper

What does Joshua Zeits argue?

Understanding the flapper can help us understand the period itself

How were flappers described?

Bobbed hair, scandalously short dresses and new dance moves

Flappers rejected what?

Victorian mores

What did the flapper represent?

A new way to look and be

The flapper offered a model of how to dress in what ways?

Ways that rejected stuffy ideas about modesty and propriety

What did the flapper most importantly model?

A model of self-empowerment for women, a model that prioritized autonomy and a refusal to simply do as one was told

As much as the flapper was a symbol of frivolity and excess, what do historians also argue about the meaning of the flapper?

She was also a symbol of power

What does Paula S. Fass argue?

The flappers fashion choices and behavioral indulgences were as much about freedom as they were about control

The look and meaning of a flapper was also determined by what?

Commercial and cultural forces

The image of the flapper was often used for what?

To sell certain brands of clothing or promote different venues or clubs, even persuade people to visit certain cities and neighborhoods

The flapper was a irresistible character type of who?

F. Scott Fitzgerald

What was the lifespan of Fitzgerald?

1896-1940

What is Fitzgerald credited with?

Helping popularize the character of the flapper and her debonaire male suitors

What did Fitzgerald provide readers?

Provocative men and women in his novels, short stories, and essays

What was Fitzgeralds first novel?

This Side of Paridise

When was This Side of Paradise released?

1920

What collection of stories from Fitzgerald depicted the flapper?

Flappers and Philosophers

When was Flappers and Philosophers released?

1920

When was The Beautiful and Damned released?

1922

Fitzgerald was considered what?

One of the country’s experts of flappers and the world of youth culture

What was Lois Long’s pseudonym?

Lipstick

What did Long create?

The New Yorker