Industrial Revolution and Neoclassical Architecture Flashcards

Flashcards on the Industrial Revolution and Neoclassical Architecture

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Invention

The creation of a new product or process.

Innovation

The implementation of a new or significantly improved product, process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices

Progress

Advancement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state.

First Practical Steam Engine

Invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712.

Steam Engine Improvement Patent

Patented by James Watt in 1769.

Power Loom

Invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.

Steam-Powered Locomotive

Invented by Richard Trevithick in 1801.

Steel Plow

Invented by John Deere in 1837.

Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse in 1844.

Sewing Machine

Invented by Elias Howe in 1846.

Telephone

Patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.

Incandescent Light Bulb

Perfected by Thomas Edison in 1879.

First Manned Flight

Achieved by Wilbur & Orville Wright in 1903.

Model T Automobile Production

Began by Henry Ford in 1908.

Industry 1.0

Characterized by Mechanization in the 18th Century.

Industry 2.0

Characterized by Electrification in the 19th Century.

Industry 3.0

Characterized by Automation in the 20th Century.

Industry 4.0

Characterized by Digitalization in the 20th / 21st Century.

Industry 5.0

Characterized by Personalization in the 21st Century.

Key Technological Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution

Basic Material Iron & Steel, New Energy Sources Fuels & Motive Power, New Machines Invention

First Industrial Revolution

Early 18th Century to almost mid-19th Century and included Steam Technology.

James Watt

Patented improvement of Steam Engine in 1769.

The Transition of the First Industrial Revolution

The Transition to New Manufacturing Processes in Europe and the United State of America. From Hand Crafted production methods to Machines’ Work and New Chemical Manufacturing Processes.

Dominant Industry during Industrial Revolution 1.0

Textile Industry.

Industrial Revolution 1.0 Key Aspects

New Iron Production processes, Increase in use of Steam and Waterpower, Machine Tools and Mechanized Factory System and a Huge increase in Population Growth.

Industrial Revolution 2.0

Late 19th and 20th Centuries and the Development of Steel-Making Processes and Mass Production.

Assembly Lines

Motorized or Automated Line during the industrial revolution 2.0

1879

Thomas Edison Perfects the Incandescent Light Bulb

Fuel source of Industry 2.0

Electricity

Key Development of Industrial Revolution 1.0 & 2.0 - Steam Power

Steam Engines used between 1/5 to 1/10 as much fuel and Suitable for Several Types of Transportation.

Key Development of Industrial Revolution 1.0 & 2.0 - Textiles

Mechanized Cotton Spinning powered by steam or water. Power Loom and Cotton gin increased the amount of workers’ output.

Key Development of Industrial Revolution 1.0 & 2.0 - Iron

Substitution of coke for Charcoal which Lowered the fuel cost of the Iron Production. The Steam Engine replaced Water Power.

Key Development of Industrial Revolution 1.0 & 2.0 - Invention of Machine Tools

Screw Cutting Lathe, Cylinder Boring Machine, Milling Machine and Manufacture of precision Metal Parts possible.

Key Socio-Economic characteristics of Industrial Revolution

Agriculture Improvements that made possible the provision of Food for a larger nonagricultural population, New state policies corresponding to the needs of an industrialized society and Sweeping social changes, the growth of cities, the development of working-class movements, New Organization of Factory System, Developments in Transportation and Communication and The Increasing application of Science to Industry Cultural Transformations

The Iron Bridge-England

The First major Bridge Project constructed out of Cast Iron. Materials: Cast Iron Arch Shaped. Span: 30.63 Meters. Architect by: Thomas Pritchard & Abraham Darby III

The Iron Railroad & Stations-England

Project Name: Iron Acton. Service Period: 1872-1944. Property: Midland Railway Company. Materials: Iron. Architect by: John Holloway Sanders

Ditherington Flex Mill-England

World’s first Iron-Framed Building, built in 1797. Architects Charles Bage. Replaced Wood as Cast Iron Beams and is Fireproof with its Structural.

Commissioner's House-Bermuda of England

World’s first Residence used Cast Iron, built in 1820. Architects Edward Holl. Expressed which Cast Iron could be prefabricated and shipped widely.

Watson’s Hotel-Mumbai of India

India’s oldest surviving Cast Iron. Oldest Multi-Level Cast Iron-Framed building in the world. Civil Engineer Calculated and Designed Rowland Mason Ordish.

Bulgarian Iron Church-Istanbul of Turkey

Weak Ground, Iron Frame was chosen over Concrete. Architect by Hovsep Aznavur and was Prefabricated in Vienna.

Crystal Palace-London of England

Cast-Iron and Plate-Glass Structure. Architect and Design by Joseph Paxton. Housed the Great Exhibition in 1851

United States Capital Dome-USA

Cast-Iron. Architect and Design by Thomas U. Walter.Looking painted as a stone.

George Peabody Library-USA

Cast-Iron every tires of inner Balconies with Frosted Heavy Glass Skylight. Architect and Design by Edmund Lind and Collaborations. Monochromatic Marble Texture featured over Atrium.

Pancras Railway Station-London of England

Single Iron Roof Span of 74.83m with Height of 20m. Architect by William Barlow and Midland Railway

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele-Milan of Italy

Oldest Active Shopping Mall. Four Stories with Double Arcade. Architect by Giuseppe Mengoni. Characterized by 4 Barrel Vaults Crowned with a huge Dome.

Paris Metro-Paris of France

Influenced by Art Nouveau. Architect by Hector Guimard and is Organic within rapid transit system.

Eiffel Tower-Paris of France

Iron and Steel Replaced Wood, Brick and Stone. Architect by Gustave Eiffel and is 324 height to Tip.

Prudential Building-New York of USA

Steel Framing set into foundations of Reinforced Concrete. Architect by Louis Sullivan

Neoclassical Architecture

Began in the mid-18th Century, Inspired by Classical Architecture, Vitruvian Principle and the works of Italian Architect Adrea Palladio known as Classicism.

Begins of Neoclassical-Vitruvian Principle

Firmitas - Durable, Utilitas - Useful, Venustas - Beautiful

Palladianism

Re-interpreted of Roman Architecture which is a return to Classical Architecture. A reaction against Baroque and Rococo Styles and Serve lack of Ornamentations.

Neoclassicism

New Classicism with a Greater range of Classical influences mostly from Ancient Greece. prioritizing Simplicity, Symmetry, and the Classical ideal of UNITY. Center was in Italy, mostly Naples

Features of Neoclassicism

Heavily Featured with Mascarons, Corbels, Cartouches and Festoons.

Greek Revival

The Rise Style of Gothic and Italianate Style Architecture in the late 1800s. Became Popular in British by Scottish Architect James A. Stuart.

Cast Iron

A group of iron-carbon alloys with carbon content greater than 2%. Relatively low melting temperature, brittle, good fluidity, castability, machinability, resistance to wear and deformation and is Also used in pipes, machines and automotive industry parts

Steel

Alloy of iron and carbon with a lower carbon content. Most widely used material in construction, infrastructure and industries. Low-cost of making, forming and processing and Abundance of its 2 raw materials (iron ore and scrap)

Cement

A binder, substance used for construction that sets, hardens and binds other materials together. Non-hydraulic cement – does not set in wet conditions or under water and Hydraulic cement – durable in water and safe from chemical attack (Portland cement).