respiratory development

splanchnic mesoderm

wall of digestive and respiratory tracts external to the epidermal lining (endoderm), visceral serosa, heart and blood vessels

respiratory system

splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm are the crux of development for the...

pharyngeal arches

____ help to develop the cranial portion of the human; nose, nasal cavity, face, pharynx, larynx

mesenchyme

endoderm

pharyngeal arches are filled with ___ and the inside of the pouches are lined with____

nasal placode

the primordial nose is referred to as the ____

lens placode

the primordial eyes are known as the ____

stomodeum

the primordial mouth is known as the ____

frontalnasal prominence

nose, nasal cavity, upper jaw

1st

above the stomodeum lies the _____ which is the first actual structure that develops the... and is associated with the ____ pharyngeal arch and pouch.

1st, 2nd, 3rd

the pharynx arises from the _____ pharyngeal pouches

deep

endoderm

the pharyngeal pouches are ____ to the arches and are lined with ____

laryngotracheal groove

4th pharyngeal

____ refers to the caudal end of ventral wall of the primordial pharynx. it is caudal to the _____ pouches

neural crest cells

the laryngeal cartilages are derived from ____

endoderm

the pulmonary epithelium is derived from the _____

endoderm

glands of the lower respiratory tract are derived from the ____

mesenchyme

connective tissue is derived from the ____

neural crest cells

mesenchyme

cartilage is derived from the _____, but is also associated with the ____

mesenchyme

smooth muscle is derived from the ____

ventral

laryngotracheal groove

there is an evagination _____ to the primordial pharynx that branches out of the primordial airway called the ____

laryngotracheal diverticulum

the laryngotrachel groove becomes the ____

splanchnic mesoderm

endoderm

the laryngotracheal diverticulum is invested with _____

respiratory bud

the laryngotracheal diverticulum grows and swells creating the ____

primordial laryngeal inlet (septum)

as the laryngotracheal tube and primordial esophagus continue to grow the ____ begins to develop

laryngotracheal tube (future larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs)

foregut (future oropharynx & esophagus)

the primordial laryngeal inlet divides the tube into the ______ (ventral side) and the ____ (dorsal side)

Tracheoespohageal fistula

communication, or lack of septum formation between the airway and foodway is referred to as a ____

amniotic fluid

after birth

if the fetus develops a fistula it will breath and digest ____ which only becomes a problem ____

lungs

gut

having a fistula will affect the development of the ____ and ____

neural crest cells/mesenchyme

arytnoid swellings

during the formation of the laryngotracheal groove , which is just caudal to the 4th pharyngeal pouches, an influx of ___ and _____ causes _____ to occur

the laryngeal inlet (airway) to temporarily swell and fuse

the quick development of the arytnoid swellings and rapid influx of neural crest cells and mesynchyme causes....

adult configuration/structures of the larynx

after the laryngeal inlet opens back up you begin to see the formation of ____

Laryngeal Artesia

_____ refers to when the laryngeal inlet does not reopen after it fuses

muscles of respiration

laryngeal artesia will cause the ____ to not develop correctly

smaller

laryngeal artesia will cause the thorax to be ____ than the abdomen

lung development

conditioning respiratory muscles

the breathing the amniotic fluid is important for...

the fetus is ingesting all of the amniotic fluid rather than splitting it with the lungs

the abdomen is enlarged when there is laryngeal artesia due to...

fetal urine

amniotic fluid is primarily made up of ____

placental filtration

the fetal urine is less toxic than normal urine due to ____

endoderm

the trachea and any epithelium/glands in the airway are derived from the ____

mesenchyme

the tracheal cartilage, connective tissues, and tracheal musculature are derived from the

endoderm and mesenchyme

the trachea is derived from...

caudal end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum

the respiratory bud is located at the...

primary bronchial buds

the respiratory bud divides into _____

pericardioperitoneal canals

primary bronchial buds grow in the space called the _____

secondary and tertiary bronchial buds

bronchi and lungs with surrounding mesenchyme

the primary bronchial buds develop ____ which eventually differentiate into....

5th

the respiratory buds develop in the ____ week

7th

the ____ week marks the start of the formation of the bronchial tree

24

at the ___ week mark we begin to see the finer branching of the bronchial tree and slight viability of the fetus

psuedoglandular (6-16 weeks)

canalicular (16-26 weeks)

terminal sac (26 weeks-birth)

Alveolar (32 weeks-8 years)

the four stages of lung maturation

Pseudoglandular stage

lung maturation stage during Weeks 5 to 17, lungs resemble a gland. terminal bronchioles form but respiration is NOT possible.

canalicular stage

lung maturation stage during weeks 16-26. beginning to see signs of blood air barrier, looks less like a gland

terminal sac stage

lung maturation stage from week 26 to birth. visible blood air barrier with more mature/developed structures

Alveolar stage

Birth to 8 years, the number of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli increase (95% don't develop until after birth).

gas exchange

during the pseudoglandular stage, all major lung elements have formed except for ____ making them incompatible with life

canalicular stage

the ____ stage is represented by more vascularization than the pseudoglandular stage

canalicular

surfactant

the end of the _____ stage at about 20 weeks, the lungs begin to develop a substance called ____

cortisol

____ is given to premature babies to help type two cells secrete surfactant

terminal sac stage.

the ____ stage of lung maturation is represented by capillaries bulging into the terminal sacs forming an adequate blood air barrier for gas exchange

type 2 pneumocytes

decrease surface tension on the alveoli and bronchioles

_____ secrete pulmonary surfactant in order to....

alveolar stage

the ____ stage of lung maturation is represented by sacs analogous to alveoli. lungs are functional but not utilized. fetal breathing movements present.

95

____ percent of alveoli develop after birth

2

the surface area of the lungs equates to ____ tennis courts

adequate thoracic space

fetal breathing movements

adequate amniotic fluid

three critical factors of respiratory development