Atomic Theory, Nomenclature, and Measurement Concepts

Flashcards covering atomic structure history, periodic table organization, polyatomic ions and acid naming rules, organic/covalent nomenclature, and measurement principles.

How are atoms and subatomic particles defined in the atomic theory of matter?

Atoms are the building blocks of matter, and they are composed of smaller subatomic particles.

What is the basic rule regarding electrostatic charges and interactions?

Particles with the same charge repel each other, while particles with opposite charges attract each other.

What did J.J. Thompson discover using cathode rays?

J.J. Thompson used cathode rays to discover the electron and determine its charge-to-mass ratio.

What was determined by the Millikan oil drop experiment?

The Millikan oil drop experiment determined the charge of the electron.

Who discovered radioactivity, and how is it defined?

Becquerel discovered radioactivity, which is defined as the spontaneous emission of radiation by atoms.

What model of the atom resulted from Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiments?

Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of the atom, which shows that atoms have a dense, positively charged nucleus.

How are elements organized on the periodic table?

Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

How are vertical columns and horizontal rows structured in the periodic table?

Vertical columns contain elements with similar properties, while horizontal rows are called periods.

Where are metals, non-metals, and metalloids located on the periodic table?

Metals are located on the left and middle sides, non-metals are in the upper right, and metalloids form a staircase separating metals and non-metals.

What is rule #4 regarding chemical formulas and equations?

ALWAYS balance your formulas and equations before you do anything.

What volume equivalence is defined between cubic centimeters and milliliters?

$$1\,cm^3 = 1\,mL$$

How do oxyanion suffixes change when naming corresponding acids?

An oxyanion ending in "-ite" forms an acid ending in "-ous acid", while an oxyanion ending in "-ate" forms an acid ending in "-ic acid".

How is an acid named if its corresponding anion ends in "-ide"?

An anion ending in "-ide" forms an acid with the prefix "hydro-" and the suffix "-ic acid".

What are the chemical formulas for sulfuric acid and sulfurous acid?

Sulfuric acid is $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$ (from sulfate) and sulfurous acid is $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_3$ (from sulfite).

How are ionic compounds named?

Ionic compounds (metal + nonmetal) are named by keeping the metal name and dropping the nonmetal suffix to add "-ide".

What organic and covalent prefixes correspond to the numbers 1 through 4?

1 = Meth / mono, 2 = Eth / di, 3 = Prop / tri, 4 = But / tetra.

What structural feature distinguishes alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes?

Alkanes (-ane) contain only single bonds, alkenes (-ene) contain a double bond, and alkynes (-yne) contain a triple bond.

What functional group and naming suffix characterize alcohols?

Alcohols contain an $-\text{OH}$ functional group and use the suffix "-ol".

What functional group and naming suffix characterize carboxylic acids?

Carboxylic acids contain a $-\text{COOH}$ functional group and use the suffix "-oic acid".

How does electrostatic potential energy change as the distance between protons and electrons increases?

As the distance between protons and electrons increases, the electrostatic potential energy decreases.

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

Accuracy refers to how close measured values are to the actual value, whereas precision refers to how close measured values are to each other.