Seedless Plants - Kayleigh's

What is the common ancestor of all green algae and land plants?

A little over 1 billion years ago.

What type of data supports the common ancestry of green algae and land plants?

DNA sequence data.

What are green algae and land plants collectively known as?

Green plants.

Are all photoautotrophs considered plants?

No.

Which types of algae are excluded from the plant category?

Red and brown algae.

What groups are included in Archaeplastida?

Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophytes, and land plants

How did Archaeplastida acquire their chloroplasts?

Through primary endosymbiosis

How many times did multicellularity arise in eukaryotes?

Many times

What are colonial chlorophytes examples of?

Cellular specialization

What is the structure of Volvox?

A hollow sphere made up of a single layer of 500 to 60,000 individual cells, each with 2 flagella.

What is one issue plants faced when adapting to life on land?

Water loss

What is another challenge plants had to overcome on land?

Protection from the harmful effects of the sun

What ability did plants need to develop for reproduction on land?

Ability to effectively disseminate gametes for production

Ways fungi helped plants

•Fungi helped plants to colonize land.

Fungi helped to make nutrients available to plants

What are the two major clades of green algae?

Chlorophytes and Charophytes

Which clade of green algae never made it to land?

Chlorophytes

What is the sister clade to all land plants?

Charophytes

What term is used to refer to charophytes and land plants together?

Streptophytes

What type of stages do land plants have?

Multicellular haploid and diploid stages

What is a trend observed in land plants regarding embryo protection?

More diploid embryo protection

What is a trend observed in land plants regarding the haploid stage?

Reduced haploid stage

What adaptation helps protect plants from drying out?

Waxy cuticle and stomata.

Why are bryophytes limited in size?

They lack vasculature.

What do tracheophytes have that allows for transport over long distances?

Specialized vascular tissue.

What is the function of xylem in plants?

To conduct water.

What is the function of phloem in plants?

To transport sugars and dissolved nutrients.

How do plants deal with UV radiation caused mutations?

By shifting to a dominant diploid generation.

What is the benefit of a dominant diploid generation in plants?

It masks deleterious recessive mutations.

What is the multicellular haploid stage in the haplodiplontic life cycle?

Gametophyte

How do spores divide in the haplodiplontic life cycle?

By mitosis

How are gametes produced in the haplodiplontic life cycle?

By mitosis

What forms when gametes fuse in the haplodiplontic life cycle?

Diploid zygote

What is the first cell of the next sporophyte generation in the haplodiplontic life cycle?

Diploid zygote

What type of life cycle do humans and other animals have?

Diplontic life cycle

What type of life cycle do all land plants have?

Haplodiplontic

What stages are present in a haplodiplontic life cycle?

Both multicellular haploid and diploid stages

In moss, which generation is large and which is small?

Large gametophyte; small, dependent sporophyte

In angiosperms, which generation is large and which is small?

Large sporophyte; small, dependent gametophyte

What are bryophytes commonly known as?

Moss plants

What type of vascular structures do bryophytes lack?

Tracheids

What are bryophytes also called?

Nontracheophytes

What type of conducting cells do bryophytes have in gametophytes?

Other conducting cells

What type of association is important for enhancing water uptake in bryophytes?

Mycorrhizal associations

What is the nature of the relationship between fungi and bryophytes?

Symbiotic relationship

What is the phylum of mosses?

Bryophyta

What do gametophytes of mosses consist of?

Small, leaflike structures around a stemlike axis

Do mosses have true leaves?

No, they do not have vascular tissue.

How are mosses anchored to their substrate?

By rhizoids

How do the water absorption capabilities of moss roots compare to vascular plants?

Moss roots absorb not nearly the volume of water as vascular plant roots.

Where do multicellular gametangia form in mosses?

At the tips of gametophytes

life cycle of typical moss

Female part- archegonia

Male part- antheridia

Sporangium-a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed

What phylum do liverworts belong to?

Hepaticophyta

What is the best-known type of liverwort?

Lobed liverworts with flattened gametophytes

What percentage of liverworts are leafy and resemble mosses?

80%

What shape do liverworts' gametangia take?

Umbrella-shaped

What do gametangia produce in liverworts?

Gametes

Do liverworts undergo asexual reproduction?

Yes

What is the origin of hornworts?

The origin is puzzling; they are likely among the earliest land plants, yet no fossils until the Cretaceous.

What does the photosynthetic sporophyte of hornworts resemble?

It looks like a green horn, referred to as 'ceros'.

How is the sporophyte of hornworts nourished?

The sporophyte base is embedded in gametophyte tissue from which it derives some of its nutrition.

What is unique about the chloroplasts in hornwort cells?

Hornwort cells have a single large chloroplast.

What defines tracheophytes?

Vascular tissues

What is the function of xylem in vascular plants?

Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots.

What does phloem conduct in vascular plants?

Phloem conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant.

What advantage do vascular tissues provide to tracheophytes?

They enable enhanced height and size in the tracheophytes.

In which generation do vascular tissues develop in tracheophytes?

Vascular tissues develop in the sporophyte generation.

What structures are found in all vascular plant sporophytes?

Cuticle and stomata

What are the three clades of vascular plants?

Lycophytes, Pterophytes, and Seed plants

What are Lycophytes commonly known as?

Club mosses

What do Pterophytes include?

Ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

What has happened to the gametophyte size relative to the sporophyte during the evolution of tracheophytes?

The gametophyte has been reduced in size

What reduction has occurred in multicellular gametangia during the evolution of tracheophytes?

Similar reduction in size as the gametophyte

What key innovation is associated with early vascular plants?

Stems

What do fossils of early vascular plants reveal?

They reveal stems, but no roots or leaves.

How did the lack of roots affect the size of early vascular plants?

It limited their size by preventing them from anchoring to the ground and meeting their water needs.

What is the role of roots in plants?

Roots anchor plants to the ground and help meet their water needs.

In which group of plants are true roots found?

True roots are found only in the tracheophytes.

What functions do roots provide in plants?

Only roots provide both transport and support.

What do nontracheophytes have that relates to roots?

Nontracheophytes may have structures that provide either transport or support.

When did lycophytes diverge in relation to root evolution?

Lycophytes diverged from other tracheophytes before roots evolved.

How many times did roots appear to evolve?

It appears that roots evolved at least twice.

What is a key innovation of leaves?

Increase surface area for photosynthesis.

How many times have leaves evolved?

Twice.

What type of leaves are found in ferns and seed plants?

Euphylls (true leaves).

What type of leaves are found in lycophytes?

Lycophylls.

What is the sister group to all other vascular plants?

Lycophytes and ferns

How did leaves in lycophytes and ferns develop?

Independently

What is the dominant generation in lycophytes and ferns?

Sporophyte

Do lycophytes and ferns have seeds?

No, they lack seeds

Where are lycophytes and ferns most abundant?

In the tropics

What is the most abundant group of seedless vascular plants?

Ferns

How many species of ferns are there approximately?

About 11,000 species

What are the two photosynthetic stages in the fern life cycle?

Conspicuous sporophyte and much smaller gametophyte

What structure do fern sporophytes have?

Rhizomes

What are the tightly rolled-up coils that develop at the tip of the rhizome called?

Fiddleheads

What are the clusters of sporangia on the back of fern fronds called?

Sori

How does the fern life cycle differ from that of a moss?

Much greater development, independence, and dominance of the fern's sporophyte

How does the structure of a fern sporophyte compare to that of a moss?

Sporophyte is structurally more complex than moss, having vascular tissue and well-differentiated roots, stems, and leaves

Does the gametophyte of ferns have vascular tissue?

No, it lacks vascular tissue

What trend is observed in the dominance of the sporophyte structure in ferns?

There is a trend towards more and more dominance of the sporophyte structure