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Signal Transduction Pathways
The ways in which multicellular organisms communicate
Signalling molecule structure
ribose group, carbonyl group, and an amine group
Cellular communication steps
make signal molecule, receive signal by binding to receptor, series of chemical reactions, cellular response
Domains of Receptors
binding site, transmembrane region, and intracellular domain
Binding Site
place on the receptor where the ligand binds to the protein
Transmembrane Region
hydrophobic region of the receptor which sits in the cell membrane
Intracellular Domain
the area of the receptor inside of the cell which interacts with other proteins to send the ligand signal to the transduction pathway
Sutherland’s Experiment
when cells were exposed to epinephrine, they broke down glycogen. Without the cells, there was a lack of receptors which caused glycogen to remain whole, even though enzymes were present
Transmission of genetic material through division
mitosis and meiosis
Stages of interphase
G1, S, G2
Centromere
small “waist“ of a chromosome which holds sister chromatids together
Meiosis
Cell division resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes
n Variable
number of chromosomes which carry a specific set of genes
Gene to protein pathway
get mRNA, parts of mRNA are kept and other are cut out, remaining pieces go to ribosomes and become proteins
Introns
parts of mRNA which are spliced in the gene —> protein process
Exons
parts of mRNA which are kept in the gene —> protein process
Genome
all DNA and genetic info in a cell/organism
Gene
sequence of DNA which codes for a specific unit (protein or polypeptide)
Chromosome
a single entity made of DNA and proteins —> travels as a unit
Eukaryote Chromosome
linear chromosome
Prokaryote Chromosome
circular chromosome
Chromatin
DNA and protein that makes up a chromosome
Somatic cells
body cells which all express different genes
Gametes
haploid cells which are used to combine and make zygotes in fertilization
Chromatid
one copy of all the genes on a chromosome → arms of a replicated chromosome
Cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm
G1
cells grow
S
Synthesis —> dna molecules are replicated
G2
cell does its functions, more growing and getting ready for mitosis
G0
cells will not divide and are not getting ready to divide, adn are just doing their jobs
