Neonatal Care, Medical Nursing, and Fluid Therapy

For Chapter 23

Glucosamine

Inhibits enzymes that are responsible for cartilage degradation and decreases the production of inflammatory mediators

Chondroprotectants

Oral or injectable medications that can help maintain the health of cartilage cushions

Ayurvedic medicine

Herbal medicine that originated in India; herbs are typically used in a formula of two or more

Goniometry

A technique used in rehabilitation examination to measure the range of motion of a joint

Chondroitin

Stimulates the production of glycosaminoglycans, inhibits degradative enzymes production of hyaluronic acid, and prevents degeneration of type II collagen within articular cartilage.

Nutraceuticals

Naturally occurring and biologically active products that can be supplemented in a patient’s diet to provide a health benefit

Rehabilitation

The relief of pain and restoration of mobility and function. This is a broad term that may encompass lifestyle management as well as physical intervention

Hyaluronic acid

An agent used in an intra-articular injection to decrease pain and inflammation and stimulate endogenous production of hyaluronic acid in horses with joint disease. Hyaluronic acid is commonly combined with a steroid, such as triamcinolone, for its anti-inflammatory properties

Modality

Method of application of or the employment of any therapeutic agent, usually physicall agents

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans

Semi-synthetic products derived from bovine trachea that stimulate collagen synthesis, inhibit collagen breakdown and decrease pain and inflammation in joints

Thermotherapy

Application of heat to the body to reduce pain

Acupressure

Applying firm digital pressure to an acupuncture point for a specific length of time

Passive range of motion (PROM)

The use of stretching

Massage

A systematic and scientific manipulation of the soft tissues of the body for the purpose of obtaining or maintaining health

Cryotherapy

The application of cold to the body to decrease pain and inflammation

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT)

The stimulation of tissue with light to achieve a therapeutic effect

Myotherapy

A relief of soft-tissue pain resulting from muscle tension or “knots”

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)

The application of electrical current to elicit a muscle contraction

Ultrasound (therapeutic)

The use of sound waves to treat tissue

TENS

The use of electric current to stimulate the nerves to release endogenous opoids

Acupuncture

Stimulation of specific point on the body to produce a physiologic efect

Orthotic

Device used when patient requires rigid support or needs support in a joint that is not commonly braced

Poultice

Form applied topically for short periods

Made by soaking in hot water and allowed to cool

Materia Medica

A formulary for herbs

Bulk

Most often used in preparation for herbivores

Extract

Form concentrated in alcohol or glycerin

Ointment

Form applied topicaly and left in place

Capsule

One of two oral forms preferred for carnivores

Compress

Made by soaking in hot water and allowed to cool

Form applied topically for short periods

For the following alternative therapies, identify whether each condition is an indication or contraindication for that therapy.

Alternative therapy: Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

a. Infection

b. Thrombophlebitis

c. Mast cell tumor

d. Muscle atrophy following surgery

a. Contraindication

b. Contraindication

c. Contraindication

d. Indication

For the following alternative therapies, identify whether each condition is an indication or contraindication for that therapy.

Alternative Therapy: Low-level Laser Therapy

a. Degenerative joint disease

b. Intervertebral disc disease

c. Soft tissue injury

d. Treatment injury

a. Indication

b. Indication

c. Indication

d. Indication

For the following alternative therapies, identify whether each condition is an indication or contraindication for that therapy.

Alternative Therapy: Massage Therapy

a. Bite wound abscess

b. Toning atrophied muscle

d. Tendonitis

c. Surgical site

a. Contrainsication

b. Indication

c. Indication

d. Contrainsication

Osteoarthritis

Condition marked by the wearing away of cartilage in a joint

Inflammation

A response to tissue injury characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and heat

Reduced range of motion

A decrease in the parameter measured by goniometry

Arthrodesis

Surgical fusing of a joint together such as that all motion at the joint is lost

Intervertebral disk disease

A condition in which discs between the vertebrae of the spine herniate into the space occupied by the spinal cord

Muscle tightness or spasm

Often treated with myotherapy

Tigger points

Treated with ischemic compression

Scar tissue

Friction is massage technique that is used to break up this type fo tissue

Hip dysplasia

Developmental orthopedic disease treated with acupuncture and land treadmill

Ataxia

Uncoordinated gait

Balance and proprioception

Treated with balance board exercise

Wound healing

Treated with clinical application of ultrasound

Proprioceptive exercises

To improve body awareness

Endurance exercises

For the cardiocascular system

Neuromuscular re-edeucation exercises

To correct posture and gait

Balance exercises

To improve stability

Strengthening exercises

To decrease muscle atrophy

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Complementary and alternative medicine is now mainstream and conventional.

False

Complementary and alternative medicine is a relatively new and growing field of veterinary medicine. It is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine. Complementary medicine is used in conjunction with conventional medicine, while alternative medicine is used instead of conventional medicine.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Ayurvedic herbal medicines are typically formulated with a single herb.

False

An herbal formula is a combination of two or more single herbs that work synergistically to create a therapeutic effect. Western herbal medicine can be tracked back to Greece and Native Americans. Western herbs are typically used as a single herb. Ayurvedic herbal medicine originated in India and is believed to have predated Chinese herbal medicine. Ayurvedic herbs are typically in a formula of two or more herbs similar to Chinese herbs.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. The main advantage of using herbal supplements is that, unlike drugs, they are safe and do not cause side effects.

False

In general, herbs tend to be less toxic than many drugs because the therapeutic substances are not as concentrated. Plants also contain other substances that can act synergistically with the active compound. However, herbs are not to be used without the direction of a veterinarian trained in herbal medicine. Many herbs are extremely safe at many times the therapeutic dose, but others, similar to some drugs, have a low margin of safety. Many medicinal herbs have not been proven safe in pregnancy, and some are toxic in cats. This is important to remember because many clients equate herbs with complete safety; they need to be educated on their proper use and side effects, just as they should with any medication prescribed.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Bulk herbs are most commonly used for herbivores.

True

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. It is important that herbs are purchased from a reputable source that emphasizes quality control.

True

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Capsules and tables are more often used for carnivores.

True

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. A standardized extract is unlike a drug in that a specific amount of active ingredient is measured instead of measuring the herb itself.

True

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Similar to drugs, some herbs have a low margin of safety.

False

Many herbs are extremely safe at many times the therapeutic dose, but others, similar to some drugs, have a low margin of safety. Many medical herbs have not been proven safe in pregnancy, and some are toxic to cats.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. At this time, there is no official specialty in veterinary rehabilitation.

False

In 2010, the American Veterinary Medicine Association approved the College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation as a new specialty.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. The least invasive form of acupuncture is dry-needle insertion

False

The latest incasice type of stimulation is acuprseeure.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. A chiropractic vertebral subluxation is most often detected on x-rays.

False

A chiropractic subluxation is much subtler than a partial luxation or sidlocation. It is a description more of function than of anatomic position, thus the pathology is not always radiographically apparent. Most, often, it is discovered by careful palpation.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Swimming is the best treatment for strengthening both forelimbs and hindlimbs.

False

Dogs most commonly swim with stronger strokes in the thoracic limbs compared with the pelvic limbs so this may not be the best treatment if the goal is to strengthen the pelvic limbs.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. When using the underwater treadmill, maximum strengthening is achieved when the water is at the level of the shoulder.

False

The maximum strengthening occurs when the water level is at the stifle as this water depth allows 85% of normal weight bearing (91% weight bearing occurs at the level of the tarsus and 38% at the level of the greater trochanter).

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Benefits of a land treadmill are greatest when going up-or downhill.

True

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Extracorporeal shockwave is high energy focused to an entire muscle group or zone.

False

Extracorporeal shockwave is a high energy, focused pressure (sound) wave that delivers energy a specific focal point in the body.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. One of the most common uses for LLLT is to enhance wound healing.

True

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Cryotherapy and thermotherapy can be used over areas without sensation as long as the application time is limited to 5 minutes or less.

False

Do not use cryotherapy and heat therapy over areas that do not have sensory sensation because tissue damage may occur.

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Bruising is reduced by cryotherapy.

True

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Complications resulting from use of assistive devices include skin irritation and ulceration, chewing, break-down and wear, and lack of patient acceptance.

True

Read the following statements and write “True” for true or “False” for false in the blanks provided. If a statement is false, correct the statement to make it true. Wheelchairs, while helpful, are not typically well accepted by the patient or client.

False

If properly introduced to a patient, they are not only accepted but are fully enjoyed by both patient and client.

Alternative medicine is used 

a. in conjunction with conventional medicine. 

b. in place of conventional medicine. 

c. in place of complementary medicine. 

d. in conjunction with complementary medicine.

b. in place of conventional medicine

Chondroitin sulfate has a synergistic effect with 

a. ginger. 

b. aloe. 

c. glucosamine. 

d. echinacea.

c. glucosamine

Herbs are more likely to be toxic to 

a. humans. 

b. dogs. 

c. pigs. 

d. cats.

d. cats

In many veterinary rehabilitation practices, the technician is 

a. relegated to the role of assistant. 

b. required to have completed certification. 

c. limited to restraining animals while manipulations are performed.

d. the primary caregiver.

d. the primary caregiver

The most commonly practiced form of herbal medicine in veterinary medicine is 

a. Ayurvedic. 

b. Chinese. 

c. Western.

d. Native American.

b. Chinese

Western herbal medicine can be traced back to

a. China. 

b. Turkey. 

c. Greece. 

d. France.

c. Greece

Which Ayurvedic herb is used to treat digestive disorders? 

a. Boswellia 

b. Cinnamon 

c. Licorice 

d. Neem

b. Cinnamon

Which of the following is a clinical indication for the use of Taraxacum officinale? 

a. To increase mental alertness 

b. To support heart function 

c. As a diuretic 

d. To prevent anxiety

c. As a diuretuc

Which Chinese herb is used to treat nausea? 

a. Red peony 

b. Ginger 

c. Maitake 

d. Coptis

b. Ginger

The commonly used Western herb to treat skin irritation is 

a. aloe. 

b. echinacea. 

c. hawthorne. 

d. milk thistle.

a. aloe

Research shows that most acupuncture points are located in 

a. peripheral nerves. 

b. joints. 

c. areas of decreased electrical resistance or increased electrical conductivity. 

d. highly vascular tissue.

c. areas of decreased electrical resistance or increased electrical conductivity

Rehabilitation is primarily used to 

a. treat the physical aspects of a disability. 

b. encompass lifestyle management and physical intervention.

c. address the physical aspects of a disorder. 

d. cure pulmonary and cardiac disorders.

b. encompass lifestyle management and physical intervention

Which of the following modalities would typically not be part of a comprehensive rehabilitation plan? 

a. Hydrotherapy 

b. Laser and ultrasound therapy 

c. Chiropractic 

d. Aromatherapy

d. Aromatherapy

The massage stroke most commonly used to loosen phlegm congestion in the lungs is 

a. Petrissage 

b. Effleurage 

c. Tapotement 

d. Coupage

d. Coupage

The massage stroke most commonly used to stimulate nerve endings is 

a. petrissage.

b. effleurage. 

c. tapotement. 

d. coupage.

c. tapotement

Pneumo-acupuncture is used solely used to treat 

a. muscle spasms. 

b. inflammation. 

c. atrophy. 

d. pain.

c. atrophy

It is felt that therapeutic ultrasound works by producing 

a. sound waves. 

b. a magnetic field. 

c. electrical impulses. 

d. vibration.

a. sound waves. 

A contraindication for electro-acupuncture is 

a. a history of seizures. 

b. spondylomyelopathy. 

c. renal disease. 

d. electrolyte imbalance.

d. electrolyte imbalance.

Information about herbs can be found in the publication called the _________. 

Materia Medica

Cryotherapy causes _________. 

Vasoconstriction

In general, herbs tend to be less ______ than many drugs because the therapeutic sub-stances are not as ________.

Toxic; Concentrated

___________ is a protected term referring to the physical aspects of treating a disability or disorder, while rehabilitation may encompass lifestyle management.

Physical therapy (or Physiotherapy)

The physiologic effects of acupuncture include both ______ and _____ effects, as the therapy stimulates both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Local; Systemic

A ______ is used for muscle mass measurement. 

Gulick

_____ Acupuncture points, which make up 67% of all points, are considered motor points.

Type I

____ implantation provides long-term stimulation for chronic conditions. 

Gold

Veterinary spinal manipulative therapy is similar to ________ in humans.

Chiropractic_

The hallmark, or “triad,” of signs that occurs with a subluxation includes _______, ________, and _________ in the ___________.

Altered Mobility; Pain on Palpation; Abnormal Tension; Surrounding Paraspinal.

During hydrotherapy, _______ can be added with the use of jets.

Resistance

_______ is particularly important for first-time VSMT patients because they are unsure about the process and may be nervous or frightened.

Restraint

A(n) _______ is used to measure the range of motion (both flexion and extension) of all distal joints, including the carpus, elbow, shoulder, tarsus, stifle, and hip.

Goniometer