Honors World History-Semester 1 Exam Review

Confucius

Chinese scholar who became basis for most Chinese beliefs. His students wrote his teachings down in the Analects. Stressed five key relationships (superior to inferior) and filial piety.

Shi Huangdi

Chinese emperor of the Qin dynasty who believed in Legalism.

-legalism was imposing harsh punishments for crimes to pass strict laws.

-abolished feudalism in the Qin dynasty

Replaced feudal states with 36 military districts

-joined individual feudal states to create the Great Wall

Wudi

-Emperor of Han Dynasty, most famous Han Emperor

141-87 BC

-Trained scholars, so he set up University at Xian

-Improved roads and canals which would then help transport army better

-Chose officials from Confucius scholars

-Open trade routes call silk roads

-Linked china to West

-Imposes monopoly (complete control of product)

-Policy of expansionism (expand territory)

-Trade routes brought many new foods and materials

-He helped strengthen China's economy

Genghis Khan

-Mongol leader

-Led Mongols out of central Asia and across southwest Asia

-Established largest land empire in history

-Imposed strict military discipline and loyalty

-Let people live normally as long as they paid tribute to Mongols

-Took over china

-His army played a role in the decline of the Abbasid dynasty

Kublai Khan

-Mongol

-Genghis Khan's grandson

-ruled all of China, Korea, and Tibet

-said only Mongols could be in military but allowed Chinese to rule provinces (an all Mongol Government)

-founded new dynasty (Yuan Dynasty)

Marco Polo

-an Italian-born merchant who visited China during the Yuan dynasty and spent 17 years in Kublai Khan's service

-wrote many reports about the wealth and splendor of China during his time there

-wrote 'Travels' and 'Wonders of The World', the 2nd most read book at the time

-two of the first books that made a difference

-the book Travels inspired many other voyagers including Christopher Columbus

-his reports sparked the Europeans' interest in Asia

Mohammed

-founder of Islam who was born in Mecca AD 570

-Known for his honesty and being a good father

-Angel Gabriel called him to be a messenger of God

-Devoted his life to spreading Islam

-Submitted to the one true god; Allah

-Him and his followers left Mecca due to moral ills of the city and criticism on a hijra

-Made Medina a community of Muslims or umma → war with Meccans (Medians won)

-Destroyed idols in Kaaba (temple Abraham built)

Abu Bakr

-first successor to Muhammad

-Muhammad's father-in-law

-Lived in Mecca during 600's AD

-He began Muslim conquest

Ibn Battuta

wrote The Travels of Ibn Battuta, Moroccan traveller, and scholar

Mansa Musa

-Greatest ruler of the Mali Kingdom (founded by Sundiata, sickly boy whose life was spared because he was too sick to do anything)

-Expanded borders, ensured peace and order converted to Islam and based his laws on the Quran, promoted religious tolerance

-Showed devotion to Islam by making Hajj to Mecca

-Forged ties with other Muslim states and brought back scholars to promote Islam education

Mehmet II

Lead the Turkish Ottoman empire to conquer Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul.

Pope Urban II and the Crusades

called for a crusade to free the Holy Land and hoped that the crusades would set Christian knights to fighting Muslims instead of one another; first crusade began in 1095 (4 crusades that lasted for 200 years)

Prince Henry the Navigator

- from Portugal

-sent expeditions to explore Africa to discover why people rich, reach Asia faster (go around Africa), and convert Africans to Christianity

-claim Madeira and Azores islands to west and southwest of Portugal

-seize port of Ceuta

-use cartographers to redesign ships, prepare maps, and trained captains and crews

Bartolomeu Diaz

Portuguese soldier: first person to sail to the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488 (Cape of Good Hope)

Christopher Columbus

-was sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella to sail to West Indies, sailed with 3 ships (Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria

-encountered Taino people and treated them harshly

-Columbus and the rest of the conquistadors were centered around god, gold, and glory

-wanted to convert others to Christianity

-advantages of Columbus

-guns, cannons, diseases(taino people were not immune) and horses(frightened others)

Martin Luther

-German man

-Theology professor, monk, and writer

-Wrote 95 Theses against indulgences

-His fate (excommunication) was decided at The Diet of Worms

-Began Protestant Reformation

-Disagreed with many ideas of the Catholic church

John Calvin

-Swiss reformer who profoundly affected the direction of the reformation

-born in France and trained as a priest and a lawyer

-shared many of Luther's beliefs but put forth his own ideas

-preached of predestination, the idea that God long ago determined who would gain salvation; believed world was divided into saints and sinners

-Set up a theocracy, gov. run by the church

Henry VIII

founded the church of England, he married six times, and beheaded two of his wives.

The Habsburgs

-Habsburg Empire

-central European Empire that included lands of Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands

-Charles I (Ferdinand and Isabella's grandson) became heir to the empire

Charles V

-He was the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.

-He was a Catholic who fought to suppress Protestantism in his German States. However, Charles was forced to let the princes choose their own religion.

-Charles felt the size of The Habsburg Empire was to hard to handle so he divided up the empire and entered a monastery.

-He gave his brother Ferdinand the Holy Roman Empire and his son, Philip II, Spain, the Netherlands, southern Italian states, and Spain's overseas empire.

Philip II

- Expanded Spanish influence, strengthened the Catholic Church, made his own power absolute.

- Thanks to the silver from Spanish colonies he made Spain the foremost power in Europe.

-He was a micromanager, ambitious, and a devout Catholic.

-His great undertaking was to support the Catholic reformation.

-He was an absolute monarch and believed in the divine right to rule

-Lived in isolated palace outside Madrid known as Escorial

-Philip prepared a large armada to end English attacks and subdue the Dutch, it did not work.

-Philip wasted money armada, Ottoman empire

Henry IV (France)

-King of France

-Ended conflict religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics

-Issued Edict of Nantes: Huguenots religious toleration and freedoms

-Built royal bureaucracy

-Reduced influence of nobles

-taille

Louis XIII

-King of France

-son of Henry IV

-Appointed Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister

-destroyed power of Huguenots and nobles

-destroyed their castles and cities

-tied nobles to the king

-strengthened royal authority

-true power of the throne of King Louis XIII -devoted to strengthening the central government

-ruled for 33 years

-under his rule France became a leading european power

-mental instability and chronic ill health made him less able to deal with state affairs

-last king to call Estates General

Louis XIV (French)

-became king at age 4; ruled for 72 years; believed divine right to rule, symbol was a sun; worked hard in gov't

-Taille- tax anybody whenever he wanted

-support education in art and science

-loved to dance

-painting- showed wealth, wig, gave painting to son, high heels

-Ended Edict of Nantes- allowed religious toleration to the protestants giving them more freedom;

-Levee- palace where Louis and nobles stayed, had many rituals (ex: put his sock on), kept nobles there so they would not overtake king

Peter the Great

-Russian Tsar

-Strived to change Russian ideas, technology, and culture by his policy of westernization.

-He used terror to enforce his absolute power; anyone who resisted his orders got tortured, and left to rot outside of the palace walls.

-By the time he died, he expanded Russian territory, gained ports on the Baltic Sea (built new capital city, St. Petersburg), and created a mighty army.

Catherine the Great

Russian Tsarina who gained the throne when her husband Peter III

(Peter the Great's grandson) was killed. Among the most ruthless absolute monarchs.

She continued Peter the Great's efforts to Westernize Russia. She expanded Russia's borders by gaining a warm-water port from the Ottomans and by seizing land from the Partition of Poland.

Qianlong and Lord MaCartney

-Lord MaCartney (British) went to see Qianlong (ruler of Chinese Qing dynasty at the time)

-Wanted to trade with him and brought products he thought would impress him

-Chinese wanted MaCartney to honor their emperor and he refused bc he thought it was embarrassing

-Chinese got MAD and took great offense; then cut off all European contact

Family Drama and European monarchy...

-Wars of the Roses (fought between Lancaster family and York family)

-Red rose was Lancaster

-White rose was York

The Travels of Marco Polo

(1254-1324) traveler from venice and had served the Chinese emperor Kublai Khan in Asia for 17 years

-In 1298, Polo was imprisoned during a war with Genoa and dictated his tales to a fellow prisoner and were published as the Travels of Marco Polo

95 Theses

-Written by Martin Luther

-Against indulgences

-Used the Bible to prove his point (that indulgences were wrong and not needed to enter heaven)

-Posted everywhere

-Led to the Diet of Worms

The Quran

-sacred text of Islam

-Teaches that God is all-powerful and compassionate

-States that people are responsible for their own actions

-Direct word of God

-Contains the secret word of God as revealed to Muhammad along with teachings about God's will, a guide to life, and emphasis on honesty, generosity, and social justice

-Belief that each individual will stand before God on judgement day and face paradise or hell

-Written in arabic (all muslims must learn arabic) → meaning and poetic beauty reside in original language

The Travels of Ibn Battuta

-book written by Ibn Battuta to describe his travels

-Calles Traveis

-Spent many years traveling and writing

The Florentine Codex

-General history of the things of New Spain

-By Fray Bernardino de Sahagun

-encyclopedic work about the people and culture of central Mexico

Printing Press

-began with block printing in China

-Had to carve characters into wood, paint them with ink, then stamp the block onto paper

-A lot of room for error & error was catastrophic

-More complicated language

-Developed into moveable type

-Made printing books much easier and more efficient → many more educated people because books became cheaper

-Little impact on rest of the world due to Chinese isolation

-Advanced in europe 700 years after invention

Silk

-Showed wealth since you could afford to buy it

-Silk smooth and better for hot climates (lightweight)

-Silk was Harder to clean

-Silk road was created to link China to the West

Writing Systems

-Chinese used oracle bones and calligraphy

-Then invented block printing (similar to stamps and is easy to use)

-Europeans invented printing press which was easier to use than Chinese writing systems

Books

-Cai Lun invented a way to make paper out of wood pulp

-Were made with slabs of wood or bamboo before paper

-First used under the Zhou dynasty

The Great Wall

-Kept invaders out

-Costly

-Showed China's wealth and power

-Kept them isolated from the World

-Shi Huangdi came up with the plans and was started in his rule

Guns

-gunpowder invented by Chinese

-Gave advantage to those who had it in warfare

-Bad aim, bullets were more like rocks

-Shot for impact instead of accuracy

-Began a major trade item

Navigational Technology

Humanism

-intellectual movement where people studied classic culture of Greece and Rome and used it to increase their understanding of their own times

-Showed individuality

-Showed people as they were, not idealized versions of themselves

-First time people began to draw themselves and not just sacred people

-Spirit of adventure

Realism in art during the Renaissance

-Uses perspective, shading, detail in human anatomy

-Usually used oils to create it

-Showed more movement and emotion

-Perspective allowed Renaissance artists to create realistic art

-Could paint scenes that looked three-dimensional

-Dissected dead corpses to study human anatomy → ability to portray the human body accurately

-Muted colors

-More bright colors, detail, activity, and motion

-Paintings are not centered around figures

-Depicted people and objects as they were, not how they wished to look

Islam

-began with Muhammad in 622 (year in Muslim calendar)

-Muslims follow the 5 pillars of Islam : declaration of faith, prayer, charity, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj).

-Follow Sharia Law.

-Dome of the Rock - important monument where Abraham sacrificed Isaac.

-Kaaba - temple that Abraham built

Sunni

-Believe that any good Muslim could lead because there are no prophets after Muhammad.

-They follow the custom of community, or sunna.

-Inspiration comes from Muhammad's example.

The caliph is the ir Muslim leader

Shiite

Great Schism

The split between the Roman Catholic Church (western) and the Greek Orthodox Church (eastern) due to disputes of icons, pope's authority, and having the right to marry as a priest.

Indulgences

-A lessening of the time you would have to spend in Purgatory

-Could be bought with money in the 1400's

-Anyone could buy an indulgence but if you were poor you could not

-Not everyone could get to Heaven

Predestination

Idea that God had determined your destiny long ago, such as who would gain salvation.

Theocracy

a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the Gods or deity's laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities.

Shinto

-the worship of the forces of nature.

-Shinto means "the way of kami."

-Its traditions survive today in Japan

Confucianism

-founded by Confucius

-stressed five key relationships

-ruler to subject, parent to child, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend

-filial piety

-respect for parents above all other duties

-taught that governors must be well educated in Confucian ideas, kept cycle going

The Renaissance

A rebirth and surge of ideas and art in Europe and cultural awakening that happened after the middle ages.

Bushido

-Way of the warrior.

-Code of the samurai.

-This code emphasized honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty to one's lord

Acupuncture

-Inserting needles into skin at specific points to relieve pain

-treat certain illnesses

-also is a stress reliever, which could help those in charge relax and focus

-people, if hurt, could have acupuncture and numb the pain

Smallpox

-Was spread by Europeans to native americans who were not immune

-Spread by contact of the body fluids

-Bumps on the body

Bubonic Plague/the Black Death

Silk Road

-Set up by Wudi

-Connected China to the West

-Brought new foods and materials

-Stretched over 4,000 miles

Gold/Salt trade

Trade in caravans through the Sahara desert in Africa, Africa had salt and Europe had gold, both countries what each other had

European attempts to get to Asia

-Find trade route to Asia that didn't require passing through Muslim lands.

-Portugal (and other Europeans) wanted to find a direct route.

-Wanted Spices from the East Indies

-Bartolomeu Dias rounded southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

Portugal

-First footholds in Africa and Asia.

-Joined African Slave Trade.

-Attempt to convert Muslims in India → massacred them, burned cities

-Set up outposts in Africa, India, and East Indies

Spain

Gold, Glory, and God

The Columbian Exchange

The global exchange of goods, ideas, plants, animals, and disease that began with Columbus' exploration of the Americas

Legalism

based on the teachings of Hanfeizi: "the nature of man is evil. His goodness is acquired." declared greed was the motive for most actions and the cause of most conflicts and insisted the only way to achieve order was to pass strict laws and impose harsh punishments for crimes; effective way to keep order

Civil Service System

-a system or method of appointing government employees on the basis of merit, rather than by politics or family ties

-You start in a clerical job, then are moved into a local government job, then civil service

-Was set up by the Sui dynasty

Caliphate

Successor to Muhammad

City-state

A political unit that includes a city and its surrounding lands and villages

Holy Roman Empire

Located in present day German area and made up of small countries each with their own ruler and all under the jurisdiction of an elected official.

Papal States

vast lands held in central Italy held by the pope

Absolutism

complete control of government

Divine right of kings

Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God

Mercantilism

-making more money than spending

-exporting more than you import

Joint Stock Company

-Allowed people to pool large amounts of capital for overseas ventures

-Those who invested could join any profits the company made

-If a company lost money people would only lose initial investments

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Banks

-Started by the Muslim Civilization (during their Golden Age)

-Increase in Trade led to new business practices (i.e. Banks, bank checks [called sakk], credit, partnerships, accounting)

Putting out system

-a way to bypass guilds, first used to produce textiles

-Example: raw wool to peasant cottage, there spun into thread then cloth, then bought from peasants, then brought to city to be dyed, lastly sold by merchants

Slavery: the gun/slave cycle

Astante traded gold & firearms for slaves, the most important item of African trade at the time.

Taille

tax to ensure King has money, can be issued by king whenever and however he wants