BIO 101 EXAM #2
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73 Terms
Where is DNA found in a Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus
Where is DNA found in a Prokaryotic cell
Cytoplasm
In what type cells does Mitosis occur?
Somatic cells
In what type cells does Meiosis occur?
Germ cells
In what type cells does Binary Fission occur?
Prokaryotic cells
What are Germ Cells?
Reproductive cells that produce gametes in eukaryotic cells
What are Somatic Cells?
Non-reproductive cells of eukaryotic cells
What are identical chromosomes called
Sister Chromatids
How many steps does the cell cycle have?
5
How many steps does Mitosis have?
4
What are the 5 chronological steps of the cell cycle?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What happens in Interphase?
DNA replicates
What happens in Prophase?
DNA coils/condenses and Nucleus disappears
What happens in Metaphase?
Sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell
What happens in Anaphase?
Sister chromatids separates
What happens in Telophase?
DNA uncoils/Condenses and Nucleus reappears
What is cytokinesis?
Where the cell divides into 2 and forms 2 separate daughter cells
What are the 2 types of cell division?
Mitosis and Meiosis
End result of Mitosis in terms of cell count?
2 identical daughter cells
End result of Meiosis in terms of cell count?
4 Haploid Gamete
What is an example of haploid cells?
gametes because they have only one set of chromosomes
What are examples of diploid cells?
somatic cells because they have two sets of chromosomes
What are the two categories of tumors?
Benign and Malignant
Which type of tumor is cancerous?
Malignant
What is the process called when cancer cells spread?
Metastasize
What does are the two things that Meiosis has that differentiates it from the steps in Mitosis?
Independent Assortment and Crossing over
What’s the difference between prophase I and prophase II?
Crossing over
What happens in Prophase I?
Crossing over (exchange of DNA)
What happens in Metaphase I?
Independent Assortment
What happens in Anaphase I?
Homologous chromosomes are separated to opposite poles
What are homologous chromosomes?
Matching chromosome pairs that contain the same traits but the information may vary
What is true-breed?
A purebred
What’s an example of true-breeding?
self-fertilizing plants for several generations
What are alleles?
Alternative forms of a gene
What’s a genotype?
what alleles present
How many genotypes are there and what are they?
3 ; Homozygous Dominant, Homozygous Recessive, Heterozygous
What’s a phenotype?
The physical expression of alleles
What is Homozygous
2 similar copies (RR) or (rr)
What is Heterozygous
2 different copies: Rr
What is a gene?
DNA encoding for a specific protein
What type of plant did Mendel use for his experiment?
Garden peas
What was the color of the plant that Mendel use for his experiment?
Purple and White
What is autosome?
Number chromosomes (22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are this)
What is X-linked
Genes located on the X-chromosome (1 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes is this)
What is Incomplete Dominance?
When the Phenotype does not show the dominant trait
What is Codominance?
When the Phenotype shows the dominant + recessive traits
What does DNA stand for?
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
How many strands does DNA have?
2
What sugar does DNA use?
Deoxyribose
What are the bases in DNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
DNA is made of what three components
Phosphate Group, Deoxyribose Sugar, Nitrogenous base
Which Nitrogenous bases pair up with each other? (A, T, C, G)
A pairs to T , C pairs to G
How many hydrogen bonds are between each of the paired nitrogenous bases?
Two between A and T, Three between G and C
How many Amino Acids are there?
20
Which strand of DNA is synthesized continuously?
Leading DNA strand
Which strand of DNA is synthesized discontinuously?
Lagging DNA strand
Which strand of DNA is synthesized through Okazaki fragments
Lagging DNA strand
How many enzymes are there in DNA replication?
5
What is the chronological order of the enzymes in DNA replication?
DNA helicase, RNA Primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, DNA Ligase
What’s DNA helicase?
an enzyme that splits/separates the DNA strand
What’s RNA Primase
an enzyme that adds an RNA primer
What’s DNA Polymerase III?
an enzymes that binds to the primer and adds DNA nucleotides
What’s DNA Polymerase I?
An enzyme that removes all of the RNA primers from both strands of DNA and adds DNA nucleotides/bases
What’s DNA Ligase?
an enzyme that glues/seals up the fragments of DNA in both strands
What are the bases in RNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
How many strands does RNA have?
1
What is the 1 enzyme in gene expression?
RNA polymerase
What’s a codon?
3 nucleotide bases found on mRNA
What’s an anticodon?
3 nucleotide bases found on tRNA
What diseases are caused by dominant alleles
Huntington’s Disease
What diseases are caused by recessive alleles
Color Blindness, Hemophilia, Tay-Sach’s, Albinism
On what chromosome are sex-linked traits usually?
X chromosome
What diseases are sex-linked?
Hemophilia and Colorblindness