Heimler Quiz Study-7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9-7.10

Total War

What WW1 was also known as, when a country mobilizes much of its economic, industrial, and social resources in order to win.

War Industries Board

A wartime agency established by President Wilson which coordinated labor and management to keep factories producing war-related materials like armaments, uniforms, etc.

Food Administration

A wartime agency that ensured food production was sufficient both for troops and civilians at home.

Espionage Act

This law in 1917 made it illegal to interfere with war effort or draft. It limited free speech during WW1, especially against the government or military.

Sedition Act

This law expanded the Espionage Act by making it illegal to speak out against the government, the constitution, or the military during WW1.

Schenck V The United States

This court case ruled that free speech can be limited during wartime if it presents a "clear and present danger". It upheld the Espionage Act.

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

Supreme Court justice who wrote the majority opinion in Schenck v. The United States saying that speech can be limited.

Spanish Flu

Pandemic that spreading rapidly around the world and killed 675,000 Americans.

Red Scare

A period between 1919 and 1920 of intense fear of communism and radical leftist ideas in the U. S sparked by the Russian Revolution.

Xenophobia

A fear and distrust of those from other countries which led to further immigration restrictions.

Palmer Raids

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer tasked official J. Edgar Hoover to secretly gather information on suspected radicals, socialists, and labor union leaders, causing thousands of arrests to be made without warrants.

J. Edgar Hoover

An FBI who helped organize the crackdown on suspected radicals during the Red Scare.

Emergency Quota Act

A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It was designed to limit immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

National Origins Act

Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2% of each nationality and favored Northern & Western Europeans.

Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities in the early 20th century, especially during and after WW1, seeking economic opportunity.

Tulsa Massacre

Began because a white woman claimed a black man assaulted her. A white mob then destroyed the black neighborhood of Greenwood, killing and burning homes and businesses.

Henry Ford

He made automobiles, the most recognizable being the Model T, which he mass-produced.

Assembly Line

A revolutionizing production method introduced by Ford that broke down work into one worker doing simple, repetitive tasks allowing products to be made faster and cheaper.

Advertising

Marketing boom of the 1920's that used psychology to sell products by manipulating people's emotional desires & fears, making consumerism a way of life.

Sigmund Freud

Father of psychoanalysis who aided the advertising market and believed that human behavior is driven by unconscious desires.

Popular Culture

The explosion of movies, music, radio, and consumer products that shaped a national identity, making entertainment a huge part of daily life.

Radio/Cinema

Brought entertainment and news to everyone creating shared national culture and making Hollywood icons.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920's who challenged traditional norms by wearing short dresses, cutting their hair, smoking, and drinking to embrace their freedom.

Harlem Renaissance

A revival of the arts and intellectual pursuits of the recently migrated black population.

Jazz

A new, uniquely American music born from African American culture in the hands of musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington.

Lost Generation

Name given by Gertrude Stein to a group of American writers and intellectuals just after WW1 who felt disillusioned by the materialism and lack of purpose included by key figures like Hemingway and Fitzgerald.

Modernists

Another word for urban protestants, were artists and writers who used new, experimental styles to show disillusionment and uncertainty after WW1.

Fundamentalists

Another word for rural protestants were religious conservatives who believed in a literal interpretation of the Bible and opposed modern ideas like evolution.

Scopes Monkey Trial

Began in 1925, was the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist and placed a negative image on fundamentalists.

John Scopes

A high school teacher who was put on trial for teaching evolution (Darwin) which violated Tennessee law.

Clarence Darrow

John Scopes defense attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Williams Jennings Bryan

The populist prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed, starting the Great Depression.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Signed by President Herbert Hoover, with the intention to protect American businesses, which prevented the U.S to sell its excess products, both agriculturally and on the global market.

Buying on Margin

A speculation and practice in 1920's where investors borrowed money to purchase stocks, paying only a small percentage upfront.

Great Depression

An economic collapse starting in 1929, causing widespread unemployment and poverty which lasted throughout the 1930's.

Hoovervilles

Makeshift shantytowns built by the homeless during the Great Depression and was named after President Hoover as a criticism at his laissez-faire economic policies.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The 32nd president who campaigned on the promise of heavy government intervention. He led the U.S through the Great Depression with his New Deal programs.

Limited Welfare State

The government takes responsibility for the social and economic well-being of its citizens.

New Deal

FDR's plan to fight the Great Depression through government programs focused on relief, recovery, and reform. It expanded federal government's role in the economy.

Glass-Stegall Act

This New Deal law increased regulation in banks and limited the ways banks could invest people's money. It sought to restore trust in the banking system.

Social Security Act

This law in the second phase of the New Deal in 1935 provided a safety net of income for workers over the age of 65. A part of a worker's money is held by the federal government then returned once the age of retirement is reached.

Court Packing Scheme

FDR's plan in 1937 to add Supreme Court Justices to protect the New Deal but was seen as a threat to checks and balances.