Lecture Notes on Prenatal Development
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85 Terms
Zygote
A fertilized egg formed from 23 chromosomes from the female and 23 from the male, before cell division has occurred.
Embryo
The developmental organism stage from 3 to 8 weeks, where the inner cell mass transforms into the embryo, and the outer cell mass forms the amniotic sac and placenta. Processes like mitosis, cell migration, cell differentiation, and programmed cell death occur.
Fetus
The developmental stage from 9 weeks to birth, characterized by major growth through cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (midline outward) development, preparing for birth.
Fourth Trimester
The first 3 months after birth, considered a critical period of dependency where infants rely heavily on parental care.
Teratogens
Environmental agents capable of causing harm to the fetus during critical periods of development.
Dose-response relationship (Teratogens)
Refers to the concept that harsher outcomes from teratogen exposure occur with higher exposure levels.
Fetal Programming
How prenatal experiences may not show immediate effects but can emerge later in life, affecting physiological development as adults.
Placenta
An organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy, providing essential nutrients and gases while removing waste, but not a complete barrier to all harmful substances.
Cephalocaudal Development
Development that proceeds from head to toe.
Proximodistal Development
Development that proceeds from the midline of the body outward.
Neural Tube Formation
The development beginning around 4 weeks that leads to the formation of the brain and spinal cord.
Decasper & Fifer (1980) Study
A key study demonstrating that infants show preference for their maternal voice, indicating recognition of prenatal auditory experiences through differential sucking patterns.
Germinal Stage
The developmental stage from conception to 2 weeks, characterized by rapid cell division and implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.
Apgar Scale
A quick assessment performed on newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth to evaluate their physical condition. It checks for: 1. Appearance (skin color) 2. Pulse (heart rate) 3. Grimace (reflex irritability) 4. Activity (muscle tone) 5. Respiration (breathing effort).
Genotype
The genetic material an individual inherits, representing their complete set of genes.
Phenotype
The observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior, which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Sensitive Period
A time during which a developing organism is especially responsive to particular types of stimulation or experiences, often leading to optimal development in certain areas, but development can still occur outside this period.
Zygote
A fertilized egg formed from 23 chromosomes from the female and 23 from the male, before cell division has occurred.
Embryo
The developmental organism stage from 3 to 8 weeks, where the inner cell mass transforms into the embryo, and the outer cell mass forms the amniotic sac and placenta. Processes like mitosis, cell migration, cell differentiation, and programmed cell death occur.
Fetus
The developmental stage from 9 weeks to birth, characterized by major growth through cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (midline outward) development, preparing for birth.
Fourth Trimester
The first 3 months after birth, considered a critical period of dependency where infants rely heavily on parental care.
Teratogens
Environmental agents capable of causing harm to the fetus during critical periods of development.
Dose-response relationship (Teratogens)
Refers to the concept that harsher outcomes from teratogen exposure occur with higher exposure levels.
Fetal Programming
How prenatal experiences may not show immediate effects but can emerge later in life, affecting physiological development as adults.
Placenta
An organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy, providing essential nutrients and gases while removing waste, but not a complete barrier to all harmful substances.
Cephalocaudal Development
Development that proceeds from head to toe.
Proximodistal Development
Development that proceeds from the midline of the body outward.
Neural Tube Formation
The development beginning around 4 weeks that leads to the formation of the brain and spinal cord.
Decasper & Fifer (1980) Study
A key study demonstrating that infants show preference for their maternal voice, indicating recognition of prenatal auditory experiences through differential sucking patterns.
Germinal Stage
The developmental stage from conception to 2 weeks, characterized by rapid cell division and implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.
Apgar Scale
A quick assessment performed on newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth to evaluate their physical condition. It checks for: 1. Appearance (skin color) 2. Pulse (heart rate) 3. Grimace (reflex irritability) 4. Activity (muscle tone) 5. Respiration (breathing effort).
Genotype
The genetic material an individual inherits, representing their complete set of genes.
Phenotype
The observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior, which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Sensitive Period
A time during which a developing organism is especially responsive to particular types of stimulation or experiences, often leading to optimal development in certain areas, but development can still occur outside this period.
Blastocyst
A structure formed in the early development of mammals, consisting of an inner cell mass (which later forms the embryo) and an outer layer of cells (the trophoblast, which later forms the placenta). It implants into the uterine wall.
Mitosis
The process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
Age of Viability
The point in fetal development (typically between 22-26 weeks) at which a fetus can survive outside the womb with specialized medical care.
Recessive Allele
An allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical (homozygous recessive), or when there is only one copy in males for X-linked traits.
Dominant Allele
An allele that produces its characteristic phenotype even when its paired allele is different (heterozygous). It 'dominates' or masks the presence of the recessive allele.
Zygote
A fertilized egg formed from 23 chromosomes from the female and 23 from the male, before cell division has occurred.
Embryo
The developmental organism stage from 3 to 8 weeks, where the inner cell mass transforms into the embryo, and the outer cell mass forms the amniotic sac and placenta. Processes like mitosis, cell migration, cell differentiation, and programmed cell death occur.
Fetus
The developmental stage from 9 weeks to birth, characterized by major growth through cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (midline outward) development, preparing for birth.
Fourth Trimester
The first 3 months after birth, considered a critical period of dependency where infants rely heavily on parental care.
Teratogens
Environmental agents capable of causing harm to the fetus during critical periods of development.
Dose-response relationship (Teratogens)
Refers to the concept that harsher outcomes from teratogen exposure occur with higher exposure levels.
Fetal Programming
How prenatal experiences may not show immediate effects but can emerge later in life, affecting physiological development as adults.
Placenta
An organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy, providing essential nutrients and gases while removing waste, but not a complete barrier to all harmful substances.
Cephalocaudal Development
Development that proceeds from head to toe.
Proximodistal Development
Development that proceeds from the midline of the body outward.
Neural Tube Formation
The development beginning around 4 weeks that leads to the formation of the brain and spinal cord.
Decasper & Fifer (1980) Study
A key study demonstrating that infants show preference for their maternal voice, indicating recognition of prenatal auditory experiences through differential sucking patterns.
Germinal Stage
The developmental stage from conception to 2 weeks, characterized by rapid cell division and implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.
Apgar Scale
A quick assessment performed on newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth to evaluate their physical condition. It checks for: 1. Appearance (skin color) 2. Pulse (heart rate) 3. Grimace (reflex irritability) 4. Activity (muscle tone) 5. Respiration (breathing effort).
Genotype
The genetic material an individual inherits, representing their complete set of genes.
Phenotype
The observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior, which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Sensitive Period
A time during which a developing organism is especially responsive to particular types of stimulation or experiences, often leading to optimal development in certain areas, but development can still occur outside this period.
Blastocyst
A structure formed in the early development of mammals, consisting of an inner cell mass (which later forms the embryo) and an outer layer of cells (the trophoblast, which later forms the placenta). It implants into the uterine wall.
Mitosis
The process of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
Age of Viability
The point in fetal development (typically between 22-26 weeks) at which a fetus can survive outside the womb with specialized medical care.
Recessive Allele
An allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical (homozygous recessive), or when there is only one copy in males for X-linked traits.
Dominant Allele
Prenatal Development
The period beginning at conception, where millions of sperm compete to implant in a single egg, leading to the formation and development of a fetus.
Zygote
A fertilized egg formed from 23 chromosomes from the female and 23 from the male, before any cell division has occurred.
Embryo
The developmental organism stage from 3 to 8 weeks, where the inner cell mass transforms into the embryo, and the outer cell mass forms the amniotic sac and placenta.
Fetus
The developmental stage from 9 weeks to birth, characterized by major growth phases like cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (midline outward) development.
Neural Tube Formation
The development that begins around 4 weeks, leading to the formation of the brain and spinal cord.
Fourth Trimester
The first 3 months after birth, considered a critical period of dependency where infants heavily rely on parental care.
Teratogens
Environmental agents capable of causing harm to the fetus during critical periods of development.
Dose-Response Relationship (Teratogens)
A characteristic of many teratogens where harsher developmental outcomes occur with higher exposure levels.
Critical Periods (Teratogens)
Specific sensitive stages during prenatal development when exposure to teratogens can cause major risks, with vulnerabilities varying by developmental stage.
Fetal Programming
The concept that prenatal experiences may not show immediate effects but can emerge later in life, affecting physiological development as adults.
Placenta
An organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy, providing essential nutrients and gases while removing waste, but is not a complete barrier to all harmful substances.
Decasper & Fifer (1980) Study
A study demonstrating that infants show a preference for their maternal voice, indicating recognition of prenatal auditory experiences through assessed sucking bursts.