Anatomy practice quiz- cells

Channel proteins, as indicated by the arrow, are involved in __________.

Transport

The smallest living unit in the human body is a ____.

Cell

Body cells are known as ____.

Somatic cells

Most cells only have one _____.

Nucleus

What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes?

Cellular membrane

What is an advantage of the electron microscope over the compound light microscope?

It allows much greater magnification of a specimen.

Cytology is the study of _____?

The structure and function of cells

Cyto-

Cell

-ology

The study of

Name the 4 cell theory concepts:

1. all cells come from the division of preexisting cells.

2. cells are the smallest units that carry out the essential functions of life.

3. cells are the building blocks of all organisms.

4. Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

The tails of a phospholipid molecule in a plasma membrane are _____.

Hydrophobic

The plasma membrane separates the __________ from the __________.

Extracellular fluid; cytoplasm

Many proteins in the cytosol are ________ that accelerate metabolic reactions.

Enzymes

________ may be scattered in the cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Which organelle must be especially plentiful in an immune cell which removes trash and ingests bacteria?

Lysosomes

What is the water based fluid that surrounds the cells organelles?

Cytosol

Which cytoskeleton component moves the chromosomes during cell division?

Microtubules

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that

cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.

The cytoplasm contains the fluid cytosol, insoluble inclusions, and _____.

Organelles

If an animal cell lacks centrioles, it is not able to

Divide

Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the

Smooth ER

Which membranous organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Rough ER

Inside the small intestine, microvilli

increase the surface area for nutrient intake.

When activated, lysosomes function in

Digestion of materials

Nonmembranous Organelles DEFINITION

not completely composed by membrane

Membranous Organelles DEFINED

isolated from Cytosol by a plasma membrane

Nonmembranous Organelles include _____?

Cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribsosomes, proteasomes, microvilli, cilia, flagella

Membranous Organelles include____?

ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, & mitochondria

A flagellum ______.

Propels a cell through fluid

Because a mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus, it _____.

Cannot repair itself

Chromosome are usually in a relaxed tangle of fine fibers known as _____.

Chromatin

The nucleus is surrounded by the _______.

Nuclear envelope

The m in mRNA stands for?

Messenger

The process of forming mRNA is called?

Transcription

Which nitrogenous base replaces thymine in the RNA copy?

Uracil

The ________ of a cell membrane indicates how easy it is for substances to cross.

Permeability

The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of_____.

Diffusion

A blood cell undergoes crenation when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution.

Hypertonic

Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into a(n) ________ solution.

Hypotonic

diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and the concentration of other solutes remains constant, then ______.

the cells will swell.

Water crosses the plasma membrane primarily by means of __________.

Osmosis

How do small water-soluble molecules and ions diffuse across the plasma membrane?

Diffuse through membrane channels

How do lipid-soluble molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane?

Diffuse directly through plasma membrane

Which of these vesicular transport methods expels material from the cell?

Exocytosis

A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called ______.

Active transport

The intake of materials from the extracellular fluid using vesicles is called _______.

Endocytosis

The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called _____.

Facilitated diffusion

A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates _____.

Phagocytosis

In the facilitated diffusion of glucose, what determines the direction in which glucose molecules will be transported?

The concentration gradient

What provides the energy for the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

Breaking the high energy bond of ATP

The membrane potential in an undisturbed cell is called its _____.

Resting membrane potential

The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the unequal distribution of ________ across the membrane.

Cations and anions

The electric potential difference across the cell membrane is known as ____.

Membrane potential

The process of duplicating chromosomes prior to cell division is called _____.

Replication

During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has _____.

The same number of chromosomes as the original cell

In general, the cell cycle lasts about 24 hours in a normal dividing cell. However, mitosis occurs over 1 - 3 hours, much less than the other stages. Which of the following choices best explains why?

During mitosis, cells are non-functional

The proper distribution of a somatic cell's genetic material to two daughter cells is accomplished by the process of ____.

Mitosis

Before a cell divides, its DNA must be replicated to

supply each new cell with a full set of the genetic material.

During growth, a tissue increases in size by _______.

Increasing its rate of cell division

An alternate term for tumor is

Neoplasm

The process by which cells become specialized is called

Cell differentiation