Exam review history

what is the triple alliance and the triple entente

alliance : Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy

entente : France, Britain, Russia

write all you know about Quebec sovereignty situation (why, clarity act, referendums)

\-Quebec wanted sovereignty (separate from Canada, become own country) because they believed that their culture and language was unique from Canada's.

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\-The 1995 referendum was held and sovereignty lost by a slim margin.

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\-The referendum was confusing so they later made the clarity act (rules for future separation referendums for better results, more agreement)

What is an example of iniqualty in Canada

__**Forced sterilization**__

* Damaging someone's reproductive organs
* Wanted to get rid of undesirable people from reproducing
* **Eugenics** - ‘improving’ humanity through breeding 

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Leilani Muir (Alberta)

1928 - Alberta passed Sexual sterilization act (not abolished until 1972)

Sterilized people with disabilities, first nations, immigrants, poor people, single mothers

She did not know that she was sterilized until 

Later sued the government of Alberta

what were the physical conflicts in the cold war?

**Canada and the Seuz Crisis**

* US wanted ownership of Seuz river, but Egypt fought back. L**ester B Peterson** sent Canada to play the mediator.

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**Korean War**

* **US** (free elections) vs **Soviets** (unified under communist government)


* Canada joins the **UN** mission
* **Lester Pearson** (Canada’s Secretary of state for external affairs) supported aid to South Korea because he believed one ofthe UN’s roles was to help weaker states defend themselves 

What happened in the repatriation of the constitution? (amending formula, veto,accords)

Trudeau wanted to repatriate the constitution because it was under British Law.

**amending formula:** majority vote for constitution change

Quebec wanted a **veto** on constitutional change

**Kitchen Accord was held** and Quebec Premier **Rene Levesque** was not invited, so **Trudeau won** the comprimise.

What is the munich pact and who is responsible for it? (ww2)

***Neville Chamberlain*** allowed Germany to occupy the Sudetenland (German-speaking part of Czechoslovakia)

* appeasement

what happened during the person’s case? who are the famous five?

__Emily Murphy,__ Henrietta Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise Mckinney, Irene Parlby

* The Persons case was a campaign to get women declared legal persons
* Emily Murphy started it because she was ignored when she was a magistrate and wasn’t allowed to apply when she **wanted to become a senator** (according the P.M Borden).
* **Section 24** of the BNA act claimed that only men were considered persons, meaning that women couldn’t engage in politics.
* Emily Murphy formed the famous five after she was denied and they all went to the supreme court of Canada (**Apr 28 1928).**
* They later went to The Judical Committee of the Privy Council of the UK (Canada’s highest court of appeal. They approved that women were persons on **October 18 1929.**

what discrimination was happening in ww1

* black, asian, those on women were not allowed to work as soldiers in Canada,

What are key politicians in the Meech Lake accord?

\-Brian Mulroney (proposer / Prime Minister)

\-Robert burosa (premier of Quebec) -Elijah harper (opposer / Member of the Cree nation)

\-Pierre trudeau (opposer)

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What is the timeline of ww2 (starting from beginning of Hitler's power to Dunkirk evac)

**Hitler comes into power :** (January 30 1933)

**Germany annexes Austria:** (March 12, 1938 – March 13, 1938)

**Britain and France declare war:** (September 3, 1939) **Canada declares war :** (Sept 10, 1939)

**Norway and Denmark** __**invaded**__**, Phoney war** __**ends**__ : (April 9, 1940)

Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands invaded : (May 10, 1940)

**France surrenders:** (June 22 1940)

What is **MANIA**? explain each

militarism -

alliance -

nationalism -

imperialism -

Assasiation -

What was the **Schlieffen plan**?

**Assumptions:**

* **Russia** takes a long time to **mobilize** (6 weeks)
* **France** would be **easily defeated** due to surprise attack (within 6 weeks)
* **Belgium** doesn’t resist German attack
* **Britain** is **neutral** (70-year treaty w/ Belgium)

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**What happens:**

**Aug 2, 1914:** German army invaded Luxembourg and Belgium according to the Schlieffen Plan.

* Germans held up by Belgium army backed up by British Expeditionary Force (arrived quickly rather than late)
* Russia mobilized in 10 days, Germany forced to withdraw troops from the Schlieffen Plan to defend their eastern border.
* Germany didn't take the chance to take Paris, instead attacks east of the capital, met by the French at the battle of the marne (halted the german advance.

Germany's attack was long, costly, and a bad beginning, and faced a war of 2 fronts ( France, Russia ).

What is the significance of the following battles: Ypres, Sommes, Vimy,Passchendaele, Canada’s 100 days?

==**Ypres -** ==

Germans unleash chlorine gas. Britain wins.

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==**Sommes**== **-**

British + French vs German

**General Douglas Haig** (british commander) break through German forces at the Somme river.

* Help stop German troops from attacking French in Verdun.
* French or Canadians on front lines first.

==**Vimy**== **-**

A success - Arthur Currie attack Germans using creeping Barrage (smokescreen).

Cause for Canadian pride

==**Passchendale**== **-**

General Haig thought that Germany was losing - frontal assault at the Belgian village of Passcendaele

==**Canada’s 100 days -**==

Canadian and allied forces pushed the German Army from Amiens, France, east to Mons, Belgium, in a series of battles — a drive that ended in German surrender and the end of the war.

**On-To-Ottawa Trek and Regina Riots (1935)**

residents of federal **Unemployment Relief Camps** in British Columbia went on strike

* travelled to **Vancouver** to protest poor conditions
* Later took their fight to **Ottawa** and **Regina** where they were arrested

==**Regina Riot** (July 1935)==

* Trekkers assaulted police

What is **US isolationism**

American isolationism is the belief that America should NOT be involved with European affairs.

What are the **main causes of WWII?**

* **Failure of the League of Nations:** When Hitler ==broke the rules of the Treaty==, nobody stopped him. (built Luftwaffe, expanded naval ships, take over land)


* **Nazism :** Hitler instilled a renewed sense of extreme ==national pride==
* **Failure of Appeasement :** Britain’s policy in the 1930s of ==allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked==**.** ==The Munich Agreement:== Neville Chamberlain allowed Germany to occupy the Sudetenland.

**Blitzkrieg**

This is the attack style that Germany used on France

* strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using mobile, maneuverable forces, including armored tanks and air support.

what was the phoney war?

**Sept 1939 - May 1940:**

Hitler continued to take Europe, Allies did little fighting.

* No military action is taken upon each other because neither side is ready to make the first move

what were the key battles of ww2?

Battle of France

Dunkirk Evac

Battle of Britain

Operation Barbarossa

Stalingrad

What is NATO?

NATO was a response to the warsaw pact

What were Canada’s peacekeeping mission?

Canada's peacekeeping mission in Europe

What is **mutually assured destruction**

What western countries did after the **Soviet Union** exploded first atomic bomb two months earlier (sept 23 1949)

* Countries would not attack each other out of **mass retaliation - creates stability**

**Briefly describe the events surrounding the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919.**

Employers of a building trade refused to negotiate wage increases, so employees went on strike. Those workers were then joined by city metal workers, firefighters, postal workers, etc. The government did not support this, as they were afraid that this strike would reach other cities. A committee was formed in order to stop the protestors. They replaced striking workers, fired police officers who refused to not join the strike, and basically called in the RCMP for backup. Lots of violence ensued and by the end of it all, around 100 were injured and 1 person left dead. 

describe the Canada flag debate

**Lester Pearson** oversaw picking new flag. The original flag had issues because French were reminded of colonization, it was complicated, and it had the union Jack. George Stanley created the new Canada flag with the maple leaf.

Who is **Franklin Roosevelt**

**Roosevelt (president of the USA)**

* started the “Manhattan Project”

what happened during the halibut treaty?

**Halibut Treaty (1923)** - Established Canada's right to diplomatic action

Canada and the US agreed to **manage their fishing industries** by setting fishing limits.

* **Britain** wanted to **co-sign**, but **King** insisted Canada sign on its own.

what led up to the Japanese internment camps? aftermath?

***Dec 7, 1941:*** **Attacked Pearl Harbour** (Hawaii, US naval base for soldiers)

* Japanese people were viewed as **enemies**. Japanese Canadians were fired from their jobs (ex. Canadian pacific railway), fishing boards were seized, **radios confiscated** (government worried about spies). They were put in the camps where they worked.

who is winston churchill and why is he important?

*UK* PM (1940-1945)

* Known for leadership during WW2
* Symbol of fighting spirit

what led up to the **great depression**? what happened **during** the **great depression**?

* the stock market crash of 1929;
* collapse of the money supply.
* overproduction of goods, low demand, high unemployment

what events happened during the holocaust

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* Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany (**Jan 30, 1933)**
* **Nuremberg laws:** strip Jews of citizenship, Prohibited marriage and sexual relationships between Jews and non-jews, passports stamped

**KRISTALLNACHT Nov 9, 1938**

* Jewish communities attacked on Kristallnacht

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* Law requires all Jews to wear identifying yellow stars

what was Pierre Trudeau’s campaine called and what did he do in it

**Trudeau** Campaigned for **Just Society** (equality, essentials in life are provided, freedom)

* OHRC protects Canadians from discrimination
* Abolished the death penalty (1975)
* (Gay Rights) Trudeau changed Canada’s criminal code so that it was __not__ illegal to have same sex relations

Battle of France (start and end, Know Canada’s role, what happened, the outcome, and the significance)

**May 10, 1940 - June 25 1940**

After Germany took over Belgium, they attacked France along the Belgium border.

* French fortifications were weaker in that area
* France developed a series of tunnels on their border with Germany called the Maginot Line in order to defend itself.

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**OUTCOME**: France surrenders in just 3 weeks, Armistice signed on June 1940, Germany established anti-Jewish policies and laws in all countries they conquered.

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**Significance**: Morale dropped everywhere because France (big power) surrendered, led to Dunkirk Evacuation

**Battle of Dunkirk / evacuation**

( dates, Dynamo, Know Canada’s role, what happened, the outcome, and the significance)

**Early June, 1940**

French troops in the north of France gets trapped and surrounded

* The Germans stalled the attack to finish them off (worried about a counterattack, their army was stretched thin so they needed to rest and wait for reinforcements.)
* In the 3 days that followed, a rescue mission occurred where over Ships from England, including fishermen boats would travel back and forth to evacuate the soldiers.
* The Royal Canadian Navy had ships ready to save and fight the Germans.

describe the **agreements** in WW2

**Non-aggression Pact** (Aug 23 1939)

* **Josef Stalin** (Russian Soviet Dictator / USSR leader ) signed the non-aggression Pact with **Hitler**. They both secretly agreed to divide up Europe between them and not attack each other. Hitler later betrayed this pact