Nervous and Endocrine Systems, The Eye & The Ear

Flashcards about the nervous and endocrine systems, the eye, and the ear.

Nervous System Divisions

Divisions, characteristics, and functions of each part of the nervous system.

Neuron Anatomy

Structures and their respective functions within a neuron.

Neurilemma

Function related to nerve regeneration.

White Matter

Composed of myelinated axons; transmits information rapidly.

Grey Matter

Composed of neuron cell bodies and dendrites; integrates information.

Reflex Arc

Pathway of the reflex arc: receptor -> sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron.

Nerve Impulse

Sequence includes resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and return to resting potential.

Myelinated Neurons

Occurs faster due to saltatory conduction at the nodes of Ranvier.

Neurotransmitter Transmission

Presynaptic neuron -> synapse -> postsynaptic neuron.

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

Open Na+ channels.

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

Open K+ channels.

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter; broken down by cholinesterase.

Cholinesterase

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine.

Brain Structures

Brain structures and their functions.

Brain Lobes

Functions associated with different brain lobes.

Brain Mapping Technologies

Includes PET and CAT scans.

PNS Divisions

Somatic (voluntary) vs. autonomic (sympathetic/parasympathetic).

Dendrite

Receives impulse first stimulated by an odor.

Cerebrum

Part of brain that receives the impulse from the sensory neuron.

Sodium channels

Open and the inside of the neuron becomes more positive relative to the outside.

Auditory Function

Temporal lobe and occipital lobe.

Acetylcholine

Will remain active for a longer period of time.

Event 1

Stimulation of a sensory receptor.

Event 2

Diffusion of sodium ions across the cell membrane of a sensory neuron.

Event 3

Conduction of an action potential along a motor neuron

Event 4

Release of neurotransmitters into the synapse between a neuron and an effector.

Propranolol is expected to help

decreasing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

Sensation

The process of receiving information through sensory organs.

Perception

The process of interpreting and understanding sensory information.

Sensory Receptor Types

Photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors.

Photoreception

Eye structures and their functions.

Adaptation vs. Accommodation

Change in sensitivity to a constant stimulus vs. adjustment of the eye for clear vision.

Ciliary Muscles, Suspensory Ligaments, and Lens

Interaction affecting lens shape for focusing.

Myopia

Nearsightedness.

Hyperopia

Farsightedness.

Rods and Cones

Vision in dim light vs. color vision.

Visual Interpretation

Sequence: rod/cone -> bipolar cells -> nerve ganglions -> optic nerve -> occipital lobe.

Mechano & Chemoreception

Mechano- and chemoreception.

Ear Structures

Sequence of sound travel through the ear.

Hearing

Cochlea and organ of Corti (basilar membrane, hair cells, stereocilia, tectorial membrane).

Perception of Sound

Auditory nerve -> temporal lobe.

Balance & Coordination

Semicircular canals and vestibule.

The Human Eye

Accumulation of fluid is numbered 4.

organ of Corti

The part of the ear in which hair cells were regenerated is the organ of Corti.

Some Endocrine Glands

Numbered 2 and 4.

Gland

Parathyroid gland

Hormone

PTH.

Symptoms

Increased appetite and weight loss

Explanation

A higher-than-normal level of thyroxine increases metabolic rate.

Excessive height

Positive feedback occurred, during which high levels of hGH stimulated the secretion of more hGH.

Blood-glucose level

Lower than normal because IGF-1 decreases blood-glucose level

Voles that exhibit aggression

Decreased urine output

Symptom of Conn Syndrome

Elevated blood pressure

Symptom of Pheochromocytoma

Increased conversion of glycogen to glucose

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands: Definition and examples.

Hormone Types

Steroid (cortisol) vs. water-soluble (insulin, HGH, thyroxine, epinephrine) hormones.

Tropic Hormones

Hormones that regulate other endocrine glands (TSH, ACTH).

Hormone Chart

Hormone, gland, target, and action for all major hormones.

Hormone Disorders

Disorders related to hormone imbalances.

HGH Disorders

Dwarfism, gigantism/acromegaly.

Thyroxine Disorders

Cretinism (hypo), Grave's Disease (hyper), goiter.

Cortisol & Aldosterone Disorders

Addison's Disease (hypo), Cushing's disease (hyper).

ADH Deficiencies

Diabetes insipidus.

Insulin Disorders

Diabetes mellitus (3 types): hyperglycemia and insulin.

Glucagon Disorders

Hypoglycemia.

Diabetes Treatments

Technologies and treatments for diabetes.

Temporal Lobe

The lobe of the brain associated with auditory function is the temporal lobe.