Types and Features of Speech Sounds, Phonological Processes

stop

airflow is completely blocked and then released

fricative

produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

affricate

consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative

nasal

blocking air in the mouth and releasing sound through the nose

liquid

the tongue produces a partial closure in the mouth, resulting in a resonant, vowel-like consonant

glide

vowel-like qualities; immediately precedes a vowel

aspirated sounds

voiceless sounds in which there is a puff of air

Dentalization

marked by a [┌┐] ; occurring dentalized sounds in children include: /d/, /s/, /z/

Palatalization

tail-like appendix added to the IPA symbol; sounds for which the palate is not the place of articulation

Velarization

it's making a sound go further back, the movement of the tongue placement in the direction of the velum

Lateralization

variation in which the airstream is released laterally; s -> th

unaspirated

no extra puff of air, ex: spin (immediate voicing)

unreleased

A stop with no audible release

fronting

When velar or palatal sounds like /k/, /g/, and sh, are substituted with alveolar sounds like /t/, /d/ and /s/

Nasal assimilation

A non-nasal sound becomes a nasal because of the influence of another nasal in the word

Deaffrication

substitution of an affricate with a fricative or stop

final consonant deletion

deletion of the final consonant in a word

cluster reduction

deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster (poon for spoon)

gliding

Substituting liquids (/l/, /r/) with glides (/w/, /j/); wabbit

stopping

replacing fricatives or affricates with stop consonants (tun for sun or top for shop)

assimilation

sound changing to be more similar to neighboring sound (bapeball for baseball)

devoicing

Replacing voiced consonants at the end of a word with voiceless ones (e.g., "wep" for "web")

reduplication

repeating a whole syllable e.g. 'dada' and 'mama'

phonological processes

patterns of sound substitutions that young children use to simplify speech as they learn to talk.