Writing and Desiging Papers, Reports, and Surveys

Flashcards about writing and designing effective papers, reports, and surverys.

ENGACPROF

English for Professional and Academic Purposes.

Position Paper Aim

A position paper aims to persuade readers using valid and defensible opinions.

Position Paper Authors

Position papers can be written by individuals or organizations.

Position Paper Stance

A position paper requires presenting a stance on an issue.

Address All Sides

It is necessary to address all sides of an issue in a position paper.

Convincing Readers

A position paper requires convincing readers with well-founded knowledge.

Supporting Claims

Supporting claims with evidence is necessary in a position paper.

Logical Arguments

In a position paper, the writer should focus on logical arguments rather than emotional terms.

Position Paper Purpose

Position papers are used to provide solutions to issues and offer a well-defined methodology for problem-solving.

Writer Credibility

The credibility of the writer in a position paper is enhanced by logical reasoning rather than emotional arguments.

Factual Knowledge

Factual knowledge is one type of evidence used in a position paper.

Statistical Inferences

Statistical inferences refer to conclusions drawn from data, not personal experience.

Survey/Field Report Principles

Principles in Writing a Survey/Field Report.

Survey

A tool in research to gather data from a specific group of individuals or participants.

Survey Data

Opinions, experiences, preferences, or behaviors collected from a specific group of people.

Survey Use in School

Research projects where data collection is crucial to form conclusions or recommendations.

Survey Objective Dictation

The objectives will dictate the kind of information you need to gather, the structure of the survey, and the types of questions you need to ask.

Creating Questions

Create clear, relevant, and unbiased questions to gather the information needed for your research.

Testing Questionnaire

Testing questionnaire on a small sample to refine the questions and ensure clarity.

Survey Conducting Methods

Surveys can be conducted in person (interviews) or through written questionnaires (online, postal, or face-to-face).

Data Reporting

Data should be organized and reported in a way that is clear and accessible to others.

Final Step

The final step in a survey is summarizing the findings.

Focus Objective-Driven

A survey should have clear objectives.

Question Relation

Each question you write must relate directly to these objectives.

Extracting Information

Extract only the relevant information needed for the survey's purpose.

Understanding Respondents

Know who your respondents are and tailor your questions accordingly.

Explaining Contribute

Explain the purpose of the survey and how their responses will contribute to the study.

Building Rapport

Establish trust by communicating openly with your respondents, which helps improve response rates and data reliability.

Respondents Time

Make sure your survey is not too long or burdensome.

Asking Relevant

Ask only relevant questions and avoid repeating information.

Convenience for Them

Ensure respondents can take the survey at a time that is convenient for them.

Action Purpose-Driven

A survey should lead to actionable insights.

Action or Decision

If no clear action or decision is needed, the survey may not be necessary.

Encouraging Participation

Engage your respondents by explaining the benefits of their participation.

Let Them Know

Let them know what you will do with the information they provide, and share the results of the survey.

Long-Term Involvement

Engaged respondents are more likely to respond to future surveys, contributing to your ongoing research.

Speak the Language of Your Respondents

Use simple, clear language that is appropriate for your target audience.

Avoid Jargon

Avoid jargon or overly technical terms that may confuse respondents.

One Idea Per Question

Each question should address only one concept.

Avoid Multiple Questions

Avoid asking multiple questions in a single sentence, as this can confuse respondents.

Balance, Not Bias

Avoid asking leading questions that might prompt a biased response.

Closed-ended questions

Respondents select from predefined answers.

Rating scales

Use Likert scales for questions that ask for an opinion or assessment.

Open-ended questions

Allow respondents to answer freely.

Consult an Expert

Ask a teacher, advisor, or someone knowledgeable in survey design to review your questions for clarity and bias.

Pilot Testing

Conduct a trial run of the survey with a small group of respondents.

Revise and Finalize

Based on pilot testing feedback, revise the questionnaire to correct any issues or ambiguities.

Writing an Effective Survey

Requires careful planning, clear communication, and a structured approach to designing the survey.

Tips

Focusing on objectives, maintaining clarity, and respecting your respondents, you can ensure that your survey yields valuable data to guide decisions.

Survey Draft Outline

Drafting an outline for a survey based on your current or previous study.

Key Guideline

Focus on key ideas. No need for lengthy explanations or citations.

Guide line Question

Compose clear, concise questions in each section.

Question Per Section

At least 3 questions per section.

Concept Paper

A document outlining the aims, methods, and expected outcomes of a proposed project.

Purpose of Concept Paper

Explains the key ideas and objectives of the project.

Understanding Project Goal

Provides a clear understanding of the project's goals and how they will be achieved.

Refining Ideas

Helps in refining ideas and setting a specific focus for the project.

Seeking Funding

Used to seek funding or support for a project by presenting a well-thought-out plan.

Structured Approach

Offers a structured approach to planning and organizing research.

Foundation for Proposals

Serves as a foundation for future research proposals and project development.

Summarizing the project

Summarizes the research topic, questions, and expected contribution to the field.

Boundaries and Limits

Helps to establish boundaries and limits of the research or project.

Facilitating Communication

Facilitates communication among stakeholders by providing a shared understanding of the project.

Evaluating success

Provides a basis for evaluating the project's success and impact.

Strategies to mitigate

Identifies potential challenges and strategies to mitigate them.

Defining the Scope

Helps in identifying and defining the scope of the study or project.

Introduction

A brief overview of the project's goals and objectives.

Background

Details about the problem or need the project aims to address.

Objectives to explore

Research questions or objectives the project will explore.

Methodology to acheive goal

Methodology and strategies to achieve the project goals.

Expected Results

Expected results and their significance.

potential project effects

Potential impacts of the project on stakeholders or the field.

Project timeline

Necessary resources and project timeline.

Explanation of objectes and ?'s

Clear explanation of project objectives and questions.

strategies to acieve objects

Well-defined methods and strategies to achieve objectives.

Evidence to support project

Relevant data and evidence to support the project.

A realistic timeline

Realistic project timeline and resource allocation.

potential impacts

Potential impacts on the organization, society, or field.

Sustainability of project

Feasibility and sustainability of the project.

Effective challenges

Addressing challenges promptly and effectively.

Project Benefits

Potential benefits of the project.

Project Outline

Project outline includes the introduction, background, objectives, methodology, expected results, potential impact, and timeline.

The Project sustainability

The project should be designed to be sustainable.

improves the project approving

A well-prepared concept paper improves the chances of project approval.

Effective survey

An effective survey lead to Actionable insights and clarity of the survey.

Objectives

The key principles in designing and writing effective surveys and fieldreports.