Anatomy- Chapter 4- Important terms

Decubitus Ulcer

A bed sore from staying in one position for too long

Male pattern baldness

Androgenic alopecia- a common hereditary condition resulting in progressive hairloss in men.

Impetigo

A common- highly contagious skin infection that mostly affects young children

Seborrhea

A medical condition marked by an abnormal amount of oil produced by skin’s oil glands, (cradle cap)

Contact Dermatitis

a red, itchy skin rash that happens when your skin touches a substance that irritates it, or causes an allergic reaction, connected to chemicals

Athletes Foot

A common, contagious fungal infection of the skin on the foot

Psoriasis

Thick, scaly, and itchy patches on the skin

First degree burn

Affect only the epidermis- area becomes red and swollen, sunburns, generally heal in 2-3 days, minor discomfort or pain (partial thickness burn)

Second degree burns

Affect epidermis and dermis- the skin is red and painful, BLISTERS, regeneration can occur, (partial thickness burn)

Third degree burns

Destroys entire thickness of the skin- burned areas turn a white/gray, or black color, nerves are destroyed- burn in painless, regeneration is NOT POSSIBLE, skin grafting must take place to fix

Basal Cell carcinoma

Most common type of skin cancer- starting in the basal cells of the outer skin layer

Squamous Cell carcinoma

The second most common form of skin cancer- starts when flat squamous cells in the outer layer of the skin start to grow out of control

Malignant melanoma

most serious type of skin cancer- that starts in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes, much less common, extremely dangerous- ABCD RULE

Nail Cuticle

The edge of a thick proximal nail fold

Arrector pili muscle

Connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue

Matrix

Growth zone

Hair root

Part of the hair follicle that in enclosed

Hair shaft

is the part that is sticking out to protect the skin/head etc…

Medulla

The central core of a strand of hair

Cortex

is on the outside of the medulla

(hair) Cuticle

Outermost layer covering both the medulla and cortex

Mechanical damage

Bumps and cuts

Chemical damage

Acids and bases

Thermal damage

Heat and cold

UV damage

sunlight

Keratin

Can be cornified or hardened, helps prevent water loss

Skin made up of two layers-

Epidermis and dermis

Epidermis

Stratified Squamous epithelium

Dermis

Dense connective tissue

Papillary layer

The thin, superficial upper layer of the dermis- located directly beneath the epidermis

Reticular layer (of dermis)

Deepest skin layer, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands,

Blister formation

The two layers- come apart allowing fluid to come in and form a blister

Membranes- (4)

Cutaneous, Serous, Mucous, synovial

Cutaneous

Your skin- exposed to air and is a dry membrane

Mucous

Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior, such as hollow organs of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and repro tracts- they are wet membranes

Serous

Line body cavities closed to the exterior

Parietal layer

lines and specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity

Visceral layer

Covers outside of organs in that cavity- (inside of balloon)

Synovial

Line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints

Layer of the skin (inside→out)

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Stratum basale

Cells are actively dividing stem cells, cells then move up into the other layers

Stratum Spinosum

Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

Stratum Granulosum

Cells are flattened, organelles are deteriorating; cytoplasm full of granules

Stratum Lucidum

Not found in all skin regions- occurs when the skin is hairless (palms, soles of feet)

Stratum Corneum

Counts for 3 quarters of the epidermal thickness, dead cells filled with keratin

Melanin

Ranges in color from yellow to brown, melanocytes, found in stratum basale, involved in tanning, “natural sunscreen”

Epidermal dendritic cells

important to alerting and activating immune system cells to a threat such as bacterial or viral invasion

Merkel cells

Are associated with sensory nerve endings and serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs

All cutaneous glands are….

Exocrine glands

Two types of exocrine glands

1. Sebaceous glands

2. sweat glands

Two types of sweat glands (sudoriferous)

1. eccrine

2. apocrine

Apocrine Gland

Largely confined to the armpit and genital area of the body, smell is created through bacteria.

Eccrine Gland

They are found all over the body- produce sweat, helps heat regulate the body

Rule of nines

Used to determine how burnt someone is

dermal papillae

fingerprints

Sebum

oil- greasy hair

ABCD

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter

Serous membranes specific- 3

Pericardium, peritoneum, pleura

Pericardium

Heart

Pleura

Lungs

Peritoneum

Abdominal cavity

Desiccation

Drying out of the skin