SI Units
The International System of Units (SI) is the standard system of measurement used in science
Accuracy
How close a measured value is to the true value
Precision
How close repeated measurements are to each other.
protons, neutrons, and electrons
Atoms are made up of:
Protons
Positively charged particles in the nucleus
Neutrons
Neutral particles in the nucleus
Electrons
Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.
Atomic Number (Z)
The number of protons in an atom.
Mass Number (A)
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
2, 8
First Shell: Can hold up to___electrons.
Second Shell: Can hold up to __ electrons
Elements
Pure substances consisting of only one type of atom.
Compounds
Substances formed from two or more elements chemically bonded together
Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Sharing of electrons between atoms.
Covalent Bonds
Sharing of electrons between atoms.
Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded
Homogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures that are uniform composition throughout.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures that are non-uniform composition
Synthesis Reaction, Decomposition Reaction, Single Replacement Reaction, Double Replacement Reaction
Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis Reaction
Two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex substance.
Decomposition Reaction
A complex substance breaks down into simpler substances.
Single Replacement Reaction
One element replaces another in a compound
Double Replacement Reaction
Exchange of ions between two compounds
Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Exothermic Reactions
type of reaction that release energy, usually in the form of heat.
Endothermic Reactions
types of reaction that absorbs energy
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides bonded together
Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Proteins
Composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Lipids
Structure: Made up of glycerol and fatty acids.
Functions: Energy storage, insulation, and making up cell membranes
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
types of nucleic acid
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Principles of Cell Theory
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells that are simple and lack a nucleus
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells that are complex, with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Nucleus
cell organelle that contains genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria
Cell organelle that is the powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP).
Ribosomes
Cell organelle that synthesize proteins
Chloroplasts
Cell organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells
Cell Membrane
Cell organelle that regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration
What are the cellular processes?
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy in plants.
Cellular Respiration
Process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP.