UIUC PSYC 100 Exam 2

Hibituation

process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli; getting used to stimulus; usually a neutral stimulus

Dishabituation

Responding to a previously habituated stimulus

Sensitisation

Process of responding more strongly over time to repeated stimuli; usually a dangerous or irritating stimulus

Unconditioned stimulus

stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Unconditioned response

Automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

Conditioned Stimulus

Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response

Response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

Acquisition

the learning or developing of a skill, habit, or quality.

Extinction

When operant behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences the behavior gradually stops occurring.

Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance of a Conditioned Response (CR) that had been extinguished.

Stimulus Generalization

When stimuli like the CS also produce the CR

Stimulus Discrimination

When stimuli unlike the CS do not produce the CR

High-order Conditioning

Adding other CS's to the mix

Law of Effect

If a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened.

Positive reinforcement

increases likelihood of behavior by adding something

Negative Reinforcement

increases likelihood of behavior by taking something away

Positive Punishment

Decreases likelihood of behavior by adding something

Negative Punishment

Decreases likelihood of behavior by taking something away

Shaping

Reinforce approximation of goal behavior, useful for complex behavior

Problems with Punishment

Doesn't teach the targeted behavior, only teaches you what not to do

Continuous reinforcement

The behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

Partial reinfrcement

The behavior is reinforced only some of the time

Fixed Ratio schedule

Reinforcement provided after a fixed number of responss

Variable Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses on average

Fixed Interval Schedule

Reinforcement is provided for producing the response at least once after a specific period of time has elapsed

Variable Interval Schedule

reinforcement is provided for producing the response after an average time interval

Latent Learning

learning that is not directly observable

Observational Learning

Learning by watching others

Insight Learning

Grasping the underlying nature of a problem

Biological Influences

Not all stimuli are created equal; can't associate just any stimulus with any response

Sensory Memory

Short term and long term memory

Short Term Memory

Memory system that retains information for limited durations

Long Term Memeory

The (Relatively) enduring retention of information regarding facts, experiences and skills

Primary Effect

beginning of a memory

recency effect

middle of a memory

Explicit Memory

memories that we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

Semantic memory

Our knowledge of the world

Episode memory

Recollection of events in your life

Implicit Memory

When some previous experience influences our performance on a task, even though we do not consciously know/ remember/ recognize it

Procedural memory

memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

Priming

ability to identify a stimulus more easily or quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli

Encoding

getting information into memory

Storage

Keeping information in memory

Retrieval

The reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory

mnemonic

a learning aid, strategy or device that enhances recall

Schema

Organised knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory

Hippocampus

Memories are formed here

Long term potentiation

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

Retrograde

loss of memories from the past

Anterograde

inability to form new memories

habituation

form of implicit memory

Infantile Amnesia

We can't retrieve memories from early in life

Alzheimer's Disease

Most common cause of Dementia

Flashbulb memories

emotional memory that is subjectively, extremely vivid and detailed

Source Monitoring Confusion

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

Suggestive Memory techniques

procedure that encourages individuals to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

Representative Heuristic

a decision-making shortcut that employs the use of past experiences to guide the decision-making process.

Base Rate Fallacy (neglect)

the mind tends to ignore the former and focus on the latter.

Base Rate

committed when a person judges that an outcome will occur without considering prior knowledge of the probability that it will occur. They focus on other information that isn't relevant instead.

Availability Heuristic

a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

Hindsight Bias

explains the tendency of people to overestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome that could not possibly have been predicted.

Framing

people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented

algorithm

mental shortcut that allows people to quickly make judgments and solve problems.

Salience of surface similarities

try to find the underlying reasoning needed not just the surface characteristics. ex) using other info to help solve

Mental sets

the tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked in the past

Functional Fixedness

cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used