social cognitive theory

social cognitive theory (Bandura)

learning by observation and modeling is the focus of

self-efficacy

one’s beliefs regarding their ability to complete tasks successfully.

self-regulation skills

people increasingly take charge of their own learning and behavior

human

social cognitive theory deals primarily with __________ learning

generalized imitation

Eventually imitation itself becomes a habit

personal agency

people can take active steps to create or modify their environments

vicarious reinforcement

If a model is reinforced for a response, the observer may show an increase in that response;

delayed imitation

Some behaviors that are acquired through observing others appear only days or weeks later, long after the original observations have been made

outcome expectations

hypotheses about the results that future actions are likely to bring—and then will later behave in ways that will maximize desired consequences

incentive

—influences the learning of a behavior it precedes

efficacy expectations

beliefs about whether they themselves can execute particular behaviors successfully

interaction of three variables known as reciprocal causation

1. ENVIRONMENT

2. PERSON

3. BEHAVIOR

Environment (E)

General conditions and immediate stimuli (including reinforcement and punishment) in the outside world

Person (P)

An individual’s particular physical characteristics (e.g., age, gender, physical attractiveness), cognitive processes (e.g., attention, expectations), and socially and culturally conferred roles and reputations (e.g., king, student, “popular kid,” “geek”)

Behavior (B).

An individual’s observable actions and reactions

modeling

describe what a model does (i.e., demonstrate a behavior) and at other times to describe what the observer does (i.e., mimic that behavior)

inhibition

vicarious punishment has an _____ effect

facilitation

vicarious reinforcement has a _________ effect

Bandura identified three general types of model

1. live model

2. symbolic model

3. verbal instructions

live model

an actual person demonstrating a particular behavior

symbolic model

a person or character portrayed in a book, film, television show, videogame, or other medium

verbal instructions

—descriptions of how to behave—without another human being, either live or symbolic, being present at all.

Conditions Necessary for Effective Modeling to Occur

1. attention,

2. retention,

3. motor reproduction

4. motivation

rehearsal

repeating whatever needs to be remembered over and over

Motor Reproduction

actual replication of the behavior that a model has demonstrated

self-efficacy

One important aspect of the fourth condition—motivation—is ______

self-concept

“Who am I?”

self-esteem

“How good am I as a person?”

self-efficacy for learning

“I can learn this if I put my mind to it”

-for what one can eventually do with effort

self-efficacy for performance

“I already know how to do this”

-more in line with current abilities

self-regulation

increasing confidence that they can have considerable control over the course of their lives

effortful contro

differences in peoples’ ability to self-regulate their behaviors

self-imposed stimulus control

To increase a particular desired behavior, an individual might be instructed to seek out an environment in which that behavior is most likely to occur

self-imposed stimulus control

a behavioral strategy where you intentionally change your environment to make a desired behavior more likely to happen.

Social cognitive

___________ theory focuses on the ways in which people learn from observing one another.