RDL2 Term Test

Research Design

is the blueprint of the research.

RESEARCH DESIGN

provides the details of how data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted.

RESEARCH DESIGN

includes the instruments that will be used to collect data.

Survey

research method involving the use of standardized questionnaires or interviews to collect data about people and their preferences , thoughts, and behaviors in a systematic manner.

Experiment

One of the most rigorous of all research design
It is best suited for explanatory research where the goal of the study is to examine cause-effect relationships, as well as for research that involves a relatively limited and well-defined set of independent variables that can either be manipulated or controlled.

Content Analysis

another data collection method in quantitative research.
It is appropriate to the analysis of documents and texts that seeks to quantify content in terms of predetermined categories and in a systematic and replicable manner.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

used to investigate the relationship between variables by using numbers and statistics to explain and analyze its findings and there are four types

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

This experiment is designed just like the true experimental design, except that it does not use randomized sample groups.
Also, it is used when a typical research design is not practicable.

EXPERIMENTAL

This is a method used to establish a cause and effect relationship between two variables or among a group of variables.
The independent variable is manipulated to observe the effect on the dependent variable.
For example, a certain group is exposed to a variable and then compared with the group not exposed to the variable.

CORRELATIONAL

This seeks to discover If two variables are associated or related in some way, using statistical analysis, while observing the variable.

DESCRIPTIVE

As the name implies, it is intended to describe the present status of this type of design.
These analyses are generated from existing data.

Sampling

the process of obtaining the participants of a study from a larger pool of potential participants termed as the population.

Sampling

process of selecting units (e.g., people, organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen.

Probability sampling

each member of the population has a chance of being selected as participant of a study

Simple random sampling

allows members of the population to have an equal chance of being selected as a member of the sample.

Stratified random sampling

involves the population into homogeneous subgroups and then taking a simple random sample in each subgroup.
This ensures that each subgroup of the population is represented in the sample

Systematic random sampling

can be employed when simple random sampling or stratified random sampling is too tedious or complicated because of the large population.
Ex. every 3rd person, every odd number, etc.

Cluster or area sampling

is the preferred method when the members (units) of the population are dispersed across a wide geographic region

Non-probability sampling

involves purposely choosing participants according to some identified variables. Do not truly represent the population
Acceptable as long as you do not infer or conclude the result to the general population

Judgment Sampling

A nonprobability sampling method in which participants are selected according to an experienced individual's belief that they will meet the requirements of the study

Quota Sampling

A nonprobability sampling technique in which researchers divide the population into groups and then arbitrarily choose participants from each group

Standards

Convenience Sampling

choosing individuals who are easiest to reach

Snowball Sampling

recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants

Instrumentation

Process of collecting data
Has to be designed and structured so that correct and accurate information will be collected
Ensures quality and validity of the results

survey research

a research method that involves the use of questionnaires or interviews.

Questionnaire

A research instrument that is completed in writing by respondents.

Self-completed questionnaires

Must be designed in such a way that the respondent will have ease in answering the questions on his/her own
It reduces the risk of "respondent fatigue" and just aborts the answering of your questionnaire.

Opening letter

CONTENT

What is the survey about and its purpose; assurance that information collected will be confidential

Demographics

CONTENT

Age, gender, social status, educational attainment

Independent Variables

CONTENT

For descriptive data to establish the status of your respondents

Statements

CONTENT

Clear, concise, and simple words; avoid technical terms

Likert Scale

CONTENT

Vertical or Horizontal
a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses

Closing

CONTENT

Or thank you note; an appreciation for spending time to answer your survey

data analysis

This is the section where the researcher will describe how the data in the study are analyzed.

data analysis

should also include procedures on testing for significant differences among groups

DESCRIPTIVE

procedures that researchers use to describe data.
This can also include ways on how to visually present data using pie charts and bar graphs.

INFERENTIAL

infers or makes judgments about the participants through hypothesis testing and the use of tests of significance

Bivariate Analysis

Concerned with the analysis of two variables at a time to determine whether two variables are related

Contingency Table

Most flexible method of analyzing relationships because they can be applied to any pair of variables; like a contingency table, but it contains information on two variables which can be simultaneously analyzed

Measures of central tendency

Mean, median, mode

Range

the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set

Standard deviation

Square root of variance

Variance

A value assigned to the amount of variability around the mean that a group displays on some measure

Measures of spread

Shows the degree or range within your data

Chi-square

This is done by calculating the differences between the actual and expected values for each cell in the table and then summing those differences

Pearson's r

Coefficient will almost certainly lie between 0 ans 1 the closer the coefficient is to 1, the stronger the relationship; the closer it is to 0, the weaker the relationship

Dispersion

Actual amount of variability found around a measure's central tendency

Spearman's Rho

Designed for pairs or ordinal variables, but is also used when one variable is ordinal and the other is interval or ratio

Standardized or Z-score

Used to determine the degree to which a particular individual differs or varies from the group's overall performance.
Subtract the group mean from the score, then divide the answer by the SD.

ANOVA

a collection of statistical models and their associated procedures used to analyze the differences among group means

Research results

are good sources of policy ideas, or organizational interventions, and program development.

Results

reports the findings of the study.
It is advisable that this is organized according to the research question posed.
Variables extracted from the research questions can also be a way to organize thid.
are the summarized data collected from the administration of the various research instruments.

Conclusion

is where the research questions are answered.
It also includes identification of the limitation of the study and recommendations as suggestions for future research.
This is a statement on the extent of how the goals of the study have been attained.
This is a condensed reiteration of the findings of the study as you present data- based answers to your posed research questions.
The last paragraphs of the this are recommendations for future research.

Recommendations

is the part of the paper where you make suggestions about some resolutions as a response to the research problem.
It must be consistent and coherent with the conclusion.
It must always propose specific solutions connected with the findings of the study.
It must be supported by relevant and specific data from the findings.

Simple Linear Regression

used to model the relationship between two continuous variables. Often, the objective is to predict the value of an output variable (or response) based on the value of an input (or predictor) variable.

Linear relationship between two variables
Individual measures
2
Two scale/ordinal

Multiple Linear Regression

used to model the relationship between a continuous response variable and continuous or categorical explanatory variables.

Linear relationship between 3 or more variables
Individual measures
3+
3 or more scale/ordinal

one-way ANOVA

a statistical method for testing for differences in the means of three or more groups.

Relationship between two variables
Means-for two sub-groups
2
1.scale/ordinal (means)
2. Nominal (2 groups only)
one-way ANOVA

T-test paired

a method used to test whether the mean difference between pairs of measurements is zero or not.

Difference between two means-paired
Means---for a whole sample
2
Two scale/ordinal

Chi-square

statistical hypothesis test used in the analysis of contingency tables when the sample sizes are large. In simpler terms, this test is primarily used to examine whether two categorical variables are independent in influencing the test statistic.

Relationship between 2 variables
Cross tabulation of frequencies
2
nominal