Behavioral frame of reference

Social cognitive theory or Vicarious learning

emphasizes the learning that occurs within a social context. In this view, people are active agents who can both influence and are influenced by their environment.

Operant conditioning or Instrumental conditioning

Behavior is learned as a result of the environmental consequences a person receives when performing the behavior.

Positive reinforcement

refers to the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior.

Negative reinforcement

refers to the process of removing an unpleasant stimulus after the desired behavior is displayed in order to increase the likelihood of that being repeated.

Continuous

reinforcing every time a behavior is seen.

Fixed ratio

reinforcing after a specific number of trials.

Intermittent

reinforcing randomly or at unexpected times.

Positive punishment

Adds an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.

Negative punishment

Takes away a desired stimulus to decrease behavior.

Backward chaining

The adult performs most of the task and the child performs the last step of the sequence to receive positive reinforcement for completing task.

Forward chaining

The child begins with the first step of the task sequence, then the second step and continues learning steps of the task in a sequential order until he or she can perform all steps in the task.

Modeling

The process in which one or more individual or other entities serve as examples (models) that a child will emulate. Models are often parents, other adults, or other children, but they may also be symbolic (e.g., a book or television character).

Shaping

A conditioning technique that involves working toward a target behavior by breaking it down into gradual, succesive steps and reewarding each step on the path toward the desired outcome.

Extinction

The gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing.

Satiation

The state of having needs and desires being not only satisfied, but satisfied to a point of excess.

Overcorrection

Refers to a corrective procedures that involves having the individual engage in a specific behavior or a series of behaviors that are directly related to the target behavior they need to improve.

Restitution overcorrection

This technique involves requiring the individual to restore the environment or situation to a better state than it was before the incorrect behavior occurred.

Positive practice overcorrection

This technique involves having the individual repeat the correct behavior multiple times to strengthen the correct response.