1.2 Structure and Functional organization of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

Which organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells?
a) plants
b) fungi
c) animals
d) multicellular organisms

T - a) plants
T - b) fungi
T - c) animals
T - d) multicellular organisms

What is the name of the metabolic process in the cell in which new protein molecules are synthesized?
a) protein synthesis
b) nucleolysis
c) photosynthesis
d) oxidative phosphorylation

T - a) protein synthesis
F - b) nucleolysis
F - c) photosynthesis
F - d) oxidative phosphorylation

Cellular compartmentalization is characteristic of which cells?
a) prokaryotic
b) eukaryotic
c) bacterial
d) human epithelial cells

F - a) prokaryotic
T - b) eukaryotic
F - c) bacterial
T - d) human epithelial cells

Which statements about proteins are correct?
a) proteins are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
b) proteins can function as enzymes
c) proteins are the primary carriers of genetic information
d) proteins have a lower molecular weight compared with lipids

T - a) proteins are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
T - b) proteins can function as enzymes
F - c) proteins are the primary carriers of genetic information
F - d) proteins have a lower molecular weight compared with lipids

Which statement about lipids is correct?
a) lipids are soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents
b) phospholipids form the basis of cell membranes
c) fats and oils serve as energy storage molecules
d) steviols contribute to membrane stability and hormonal regulation

F - a) lipids are soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents
T - b) phospholipids form the basis of cell membranes
T - c) fats and oils serve as energy storage molecules
F - d) steviols contribute to membrane stability and hormonal regulation

Which statements apply to prokaryotic cells?
a) they have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane
b) they contain mitochondria and chloroplasts
c) DNA is present as a single circular molecule
d) they contain 70S ribosomes

F - a) they have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane
F - b) they contain mitochondria and chloroplasts
T - c) DNA is present as a single circular molecule
T - d) they contain 70S ribosomes

Which structures or properties are characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
a) nucleus enclosed by two double membranes
b) presence of cytoskeleton
c) exclusively asexual reproduction by binary fission
d) ribosomes with a sedimentation constant of 80S

F - a) nucleus enclosed by two double membranes
T - b) presence of cytoskeleton
F - c) exclusively asexual reproduction by binary fission
T - d) ribosomes with a sedimentation constant of 80S

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) prokaryotes have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, eukaryotes of cellulose or chitin
b) prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotes possess several types
c) prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes
d) eukaryotes store genetic information in multiple linear DNA molecules

T - a) prokaryotes have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, eukaryotes of cellulose or chitin
T - b) prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotes possess several types
T - c) prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes
T - d) eukaryotes store genetic information in multiple linear DNA molecules

Which polysaccharide serves as the storage substance in animal cells?
a) cellulose
b) glycogen
c) starch
d) chitin

F - a) cellulose
T - b) glycogen
F - c) starch
F - d) chitin

Small cells reach a size of:
a) up to 10 μm
b) 30 μm
c) more than 30 μm
d) 10 to 30 μm

T - a) up to 10 μm
F - b) 30 μm
F - c) more than 30 μm
F - d) 10 to 30 μm

Which of the following applies to the type and number of proteins on and in the cytoplasmic membrane?
a) the number and type of proteins don't change
b) the number and type of proteins changes
c) the cell actively regulates them
d) the cell passively acquires them

F - a) the number and type of proteins don't change
T - b) the number and type of proteins changes
T - c) the cell actively regulates them
F - d) the cell passively acquires them

Prokaryotic cells:
a) form the bodies of multicellular organisms
b) are simpler than eukaryotic cells
c) have their genome in a single circular DNA molecule
d) lack ribosomes

F - a) form the bodies of multicellular organisms
T - b) are simpler than eukaryotic cells
T - c) have their genome in a single circular DNA molecule
F - d) lack ribosomes

Large cells reach a size of:
a) 10 μm
b) 5 μm
c) more than 30 μm
d) 10 to 30 μm

F - a) 10 μm
F - b) 5 μm
T - c) more than 30 μm
F - d) 10 to 30 μm

Prokaryotic ribosomes:
a) are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
b) are composed of two subunits
c) are composed of three types of rRNA
d) have a sedimentation constant of 80S

T - a) are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
T - b) are composed of two subunits
T - c) are composed of three types of rRNA
F - d) have a sedimentation constant of 80S

The prokaryotic cell consists of:
a) cell wall
b) cytoplasmic membrane
c) nuclear material
d) ribosomes

T - a) cell wall
T - b) cytoplasmic membrane
T - c) nuclear material
T - d) ribosomes

The prokaryotic chromosome is composed of:
a) chromatin and non-histone proteins
b) double-stranded DNA molecule
c) DNA with histone and non-histone proteins
d) single-stranded DNA molecule

F - a) chromatin and non-histone proteins
T - b) double-stranded DNA molecule
F - c) DNA with histone and non-histone proteins
F - d) single-stranded DNA molecule

In which type of cells are vacuoles found?
a) in plant cells
b) in eukaryotic cells
c) in human somatic cells
d) in animal cells

T - a) in plant cells
T - b) in eukaryotic cells
F - c) in human somatic cells
F - d) in animal cells

Are genes of eukaryotic cells also located outside the nucleus?
a) yes
b) no
c) in mitochondria
d) in chloroplasts

T - a) yes
F - b) no
T - c) in mitochondria
T - d) in chloroplasts

The basic shape of cells:
a) is spherical
b) has the largest volume with the smallest surface area
c) has the largest surface area with the smallest volume
d) is polygonal

T - a) is spherical
T - b) has the largest volume with the smallest surface area
F - c) has the largest surface area with the smallest volume
F - d) is polygonal

What is the name of the science that studies the structure and functions of cells?
a) anatomy
b) physiology
c) cytology
d) molecular biology

F - a) anatomy
F - b) physiology
T - c) cytology
F - d) molecular biology

Which organelles are found only in plant cells but not in animal cells?
a) mitochondria
b) chloroplasts
c) endoplasmic reticulum
d) ribosomes

F - a) mitochondria
T - b) chloroplasts
F - c) endoplasmic reticulum
F - d) ribosomes

Among specialized cell shapes are:
a) truncated pyramids
b) cuboidal
c) flat
d) stellate

T - a) truncated pyramids
F - b) cuboidal
F - c) flat
T - d) stellate

Irregular cytoplasmic projections are characteristic of:
a) erythrocytes
b) pericytes
c) leukocytes
d) oocytes

F - a) erythrocytes
T - b) pericytes
T - c) leukocytes
F - d) oocytes

The size of cells:
a) is genetically determined for the given species
b) is determined by cell differentiation
c) is unrelated to the size of the organism
d) is influenced by the size of the organism

T - a) is genetically determined for the given species
T - b) is determined by cell differentiation
F - c) is unrelated to the size of the organism
T - d) is influenced by the size of the organism; larger organisms generally have larger cells

Every cell consists of:
a) cell surface
b) cytoplasm
c) nucleolus
d) cytoskeleton

T - a) cell surface
T - b) cytoplasm
F - c) nucleolus
F - d) cytoskeleton

What is the main role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the cell?
a) it serves as a storage form of genetic information
b) it is the basic building block of proteins
c) it represents the universal energy source for cellular processes
d) it ensures oxygen transport in the blood

F - a) it serves as a storage form of genetic information
F - b) it is the basic building block of proteins
T - c) it represents the universal energy source for cellular processes
F - d) it ensures oxygen transport in the blood

What is the main role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the cell?
a) it serves as a storage form of genetic information
b) it is an important second messenger in cell signaling
c) it represents the universal energy source for cellular processes
d) it activates protein kinase A

F - a) it serves as a storage form of genetic information
T - b) it is an important second messenger in cell signaling
F - c) it represents the universal energy source for cellular processes
T - d) it activates protein kinase A

Which of the following functions belongs to lipids?
a) direct transfer of genetic information
b) formation of biological membranes
c) catalysis of biochemical reactions as enzymes
d) storage of genetic information

F - a) direct transfer of genetic information
T - b) formation of biological membranes
F - c) catalysis of biochemical reactions as enzymes
F - d) storage of genetic information

The basic functions of proteins include:
a) structural
b) transport
c) metabolic
d) protective

T - a) structural
T - b) transport
T - c) metabolic
T - d) protective

What constitutes the primary structure of nucleic acids?
a) spatial arrangement of the DNA double helix
b) sequence of nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain
c) bonds between histones and DNA in chromatin
d) three-dimensional arrangement of tRNA

F - a) spatial arrangement of the DNA double helix
T - b) sequence of nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain
F - c) bonds between histones and DNA in chromatin
F - d) three-dimensional arrangement of tRNA

What characterizes the secondary structure of proteins?
a) linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
b) spatial arrangement of the chain into α-helices and β-sheets
c) three-dimensional arrangement of the entire polypeptide
d) association of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional complex

F - a) linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
T - b) spatial arrangement of the chain into α-helices and β-sheets
F - c) three-dimensional arrangement of the entire polypeptide
F - d) association of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional complex

Which statement about amino acids is correct?
a) they are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids
b) they always contain a carboxyl group and an amino group
c) they serve as precursors for the synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters
d) all amino acids are essential for the human body

F - a) they are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids
T - b) they always contain a carboxyl group and an amino group
T - c) they serve as precursors for the synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters
F - d) all amino acids are essential for the human body

What role do phospholipids play in the cell?
a) they are the basis of genetic information
b) they form the structural basis of cell membranes
c) they serve as the main storage polysaccharide
d) they transport oxygen in the blood

F - a) they are the basis of genetic information
T - b) they form the structural basis of cell membranes
F - c) they serve as the main storage polysaccharide
F - d) they transport oxygen in the blood

Water:
a) has a high heat capacity
b) is an effective medium for the transport of thermal energy
c) has a transport function
d) is an excellent solvent for many chemicals

T - a) has a high heat capacity
T - b) is an effective medium for the transport of thermal energy
T - c) has a transport function
T - d) is an excellent solvent for many chemicals

Which cells have fibrous projections?
a) motor neurons
b) pyramidal cells
c) sperm cells
d) leukocytes

T - a) motor neurons
T - b) pyramidal cells
F - c) sperm cells
F - d) leukocytes

A cell can be defined as:
a) a system with goal-directed behavior
b) an autologous system
c) an open system
d) a system with self-reproduction

T - a) a system with goal-directed behavior
F - b) an autologous system
T - c) an open system
T - d) a system with self-reproduction

Medium-sized cells reach a size of:
a) more than 30 μm
b) 5 μm
c) less than 10 μm
d) 10 to 30 μm

T - a) more than 30 μm
F - b) 5 μm
F - c) less than 10 μm
T - d) 10 to 30 μm

What is the basic shape of the cell?
a) flat
b) cuboidal
c) spherical
d) cylindrical

F - a) flat
F - b) cuboidal
T - c) spherical
F - d) cylindrical

Which of the following groups belong among the basic biomacromolecules?
a) proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids
b) proteins, vitamins, polysaccharides, inorganic substances
c) nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites, mineral ions
d) polysaccharides, amino acids, lipids, water

T - a) proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids
F - b) proteins, vitamins, polysaccharides, inorganic substances
F - c) nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites, mineral ions
F - d) polysaccharides, amino acids, lipids, water

Which statement correctly describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) prokaryotic cells have a true nucleus, eukaryotic cells do not
b) prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotic cells do not
c) prokaryotic cells have circular DNA, eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes
d) prokaryotic cells are always larger than eukaryotic cells

F - a) prokaryotic cells have a true nucleus, eukaryotic cells do not
F - b) prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotic cells do not
T - c) prokaryotic cells have circular DNA, eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes
F - d) prokaryotic cells are always larger than eukaryotic cells

Which statements are correct?
a) ATP is the universal energy currency of the cell
b) cAMP is a second messenger in cell signaling
c) ATP stores genetic information
d) cAMP is the main energy reserve substance

T - a) ATP is the universal energy currency of the cell
T - b) cAMP is a second messenger in cell signaling
F - c) ATP stores genetic information
F - d) cAMP is the main energy reserve substance

Which substances are classified as macromolecules?
a) proteins
b) RNA
c) potassium ions (K⁺)
d) water

T - a) proteins
T - b) RNA
F - c) potassium ions (K⁺)
F - d) water

What are the functions of proteins in the cell?
a) catalyze biochemical reactions
b) store genetic information
c) ensure transport of substances
d) act as the universal energy currency

T - a) catalyze biochemical reactions
F - b) store genetic information
T - c) ensure transport of substances
F - d) act as the universal energy currency

Which of the following belong among the small molecules of the cell?
a) water
b) DNA
c) sodium ions (Na⁺)
d) proteins

T - a) water
F - b) DNA
T - c) sodium ions (Na⁺)
F - d) proteins

What is the role of ATP in the cell?
a) cells store it in large amounts as an energy reserve
b) it is the universal energy carrier
c) it forms the basis of the cell wall in eukaryotes
d) it mediates muscle contraction

F - a) cells store it in large amounts as an energy reserve
T - b) it is the universal energy carrier
F - c) it forms the basis of the cell wall in eukaryotes
T - d) it mediates muscle contraction

Comparison of ribosomes:
a) prokaryotic cells have 90S ribosomes
b) eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes
c) prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes
d) eukaryotic cells lack ribosomes

F - a) prokaryotic cells have 90S ribosomes
T - b) eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes
T - c) prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes
F - d) eukaryotic cells lack ribosomes

Which surface structures may be present in prokaryotic cells?
a) pili
b) flagella
c) nuclear membrane
d) chloroplasts

T - a) pili
T - b) flagella
F - c) nuclear membrane
F - d) chloroplasts

What forms the cell wall of plant cells?
a) chitin
b) peptidoglycan
c) cellulose
d) proteoglycans

F - a) chitin
F - b) peptidoglycan
T - c) cellulose
F - d) proteoglycans

What is the main function of polysaccharides in plants?
a) energy storage in the form of starch
b) transmission of genetic information
c) membrane formation
d) catalysis of chemical reactions

T - a) energy storage in the form of starch
F - b) transmission of genetic information
F - c) membrane formation
F - d) catalysis of chemical reactions

Comparison of DNA:
a) in prokaryotes, it is circular
b) in eukaryotes it is linear
c) in prokaryotes, it is linear
d) in eukaryotes, it is always located in the cytoplasm

T - a) in prokaryotes, it is circular
T - b) in eukaryotes it is linear
F - c) in prokaryotes, it is linear
F - d) in eukaryotes, it is always located in the cytoplasm

Which biomolecules are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds?
a) lipids
b) proteins
c) polysaccharides
d) nucleic acids

F - a) lipids
T - b) proteins
F - c) polysaccharides
F - d) nucleic acids

Which statement correctly describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) prokaryotes have a nucleus; eukaryotes do not
b) prokaryotes have a nucleoid; eukaryotes have a true nucleus
c) prokaryotes have mitochondria, eukaryotes do not
d) prokaryotes have chromosomes; eukaryotes have plasmids

F - a) prokaryotes have a nucleus; eukaryotes do not
T - b) prokaryotes have a nucleoid; eukaryotes have a true nucleus
F - c) prokaryotes have mitochondria, eukaryotes do not
F - d) prokaryotes have chromosomes; eukaryotes have plasmids

What is the difference in genetic material between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
a) prokaryotes - linear DNA, eukaryotes - circular DNA
b) prokaryotes - circular DNA, eukaryotes - linear DNA
c) prokaryotes and eukaryotes always contain only one DNA molecule
d) eukaryotes lack DNA

F - a) prokaryotes - linear DNA, eukaryotes - circular DNA
T - b) prokaryotes - circular DNA, eukaryotes - linear DNA
F - c) prokaryotes and eukaryotes always contain only one DNA molecule
F - d) eukaryotes lack DNA

What applies to cell reproduction?
a) prokaryotes - binary fission, eukaryotes - mitosis and meiosis
b) prokaryotes - mitosis, eukaryotes - binary fission
c) both prokaryotes and eukaryotes always reproduce sexually
d) prokaryotes do not undergo any division

T - a) prokaryotes - binary fission, eukaryotes - mitosis and meiosis
F - b) prokaryotes - mitosis, eukaryotes - binary fission
F - c) both prokaryotes and eukaryotes always reproduce sexually
F - d) prokaryotes do not undergo any division

What is the difference in cell size?
a) the size of cells is the same in both types
b) prokaryotes are larger than eukaryotes
c) eukaryotes are always smaller than viruses
d) prokaryotes - 1-10 µm, eukaryotes - 10-100 µm

F - a) the size of cells is the same in both types
F - b) prokaryotes are larger than eukaryotes
F - c) eukaryotes are always smaller than viruses
T - d) prokaryotes - 1-10 µm, eukaryotes - 10-100 µm